Oof! It’s been a while since I finished this, but review it nonetheless I must, to the best of my ability.
So this was a good story, a fine romp, and that was probably the novel’s defining feature – well, that and Scott’s immaculate style. But the latter I was already familiar with and expecting, whereas it was in reading Redgauntlet that I first seriously admitted the idea that Scott’s novels are primarily attractive for their plots. What I mean by this is derived from the knowledge of Scott’s popularity among juvenile audiences in the Soviet Union (of all places), and also from the character of his reception in the nineteenth century, although I wouldn’t venture to reduce that to adventure-mongering. I wonder what the neo-Aristotelians would make of Scott, or have made, possibly... Anyway, I realized as I read that my mental eye was in fact fixed on the calibre of Scott’s sentences, and that, unlike in my previous experiences of reading Scott, there was not very much else of literary interest for me here. I’ll speak to the multi-modal narrative in just a second, but before then it occurs to me that, actually, my only really stimulating experience with Scott was Waverley – although that was such a forceful first impression that it won me over conclusively. My second Scott novel was The Antiquary, and I actually didn’t like that one, mostly on the grounds that I found I emptily boring, but this I chalked up to the quality of the book, not the abilities of the writer. It turns out Redgauntlet is only my third Scott book, although it feels as though he and I are much closer confederates somehow; as I say, Waverley really was that good.
I didn’t find the same triggers of grad student infatuation present here: Waverley I recall being more layered, having more on offer – such as in the way of allusion, metaliterariness, and other such ornaments and devices. Perhaps it was because Scott was more fully in control, as narrator, whereas here that agency was surrendered to two different speakers, in part.
Now. Wouldn’t the part-epistolary format of this novel extend the horizons for literary experimentation? One would be very entitled to ask. I read for this, for differences in idiom or mannerism, and in perspective, between those letters going from Darsie Latimer and Alan Fairford, and the most I gathered was unfortunately superficial. It was all on the level of direct characterization: Alan would accuse Darsie genially of immaturity, in the very act of which he would strike the sober note of their correspondence, and there you had something of a code for their respective attitudes and behaviors. I tried to make out which side Scott took, which character he empathized with better, and although Darsie scored points (predictably enough) for his imaginativeness and poeticism, Alan was unambiguously reclaimed from Darsie’s caricature of the hypocritical stodge.
What most endeared me to this part of the novel was the indomitable friendship portrayed between the two protagonists. I took photos of occasional noteworthy pages as I read (out of expedience, instead of making notes), and I can’t make out the reason for one of these images, on scrolling back, unless it were for the adorable gallantry of Alan’s withdrawing his claim to Darsie’s budding love interest, even though he saw her first! “After you, please.” But this aside – and it was more of a sentimental attribute, than a characterological one, – I found little to distinguish each character individually, as a character: I mean that the people in this novel, even more at large, were too exclusively conduits for action/adventure.
Is this, then, perhaps, the governing trait of Scott’s fiction, to which Waverley was the exception (its own protagonist’s well-known flatness duly granted)? That it, like the archetypal Aristotelian drama, builds itself around plot? Maybe. It’s too early for me to tell, but one thing I can say with certainty, which is that I’ve every chance of finding out, committed as I am to Scott’s oeuvre.
So why will I keep returning to his work? Well, it’s because the man can write, and his writing is a record of remarkably keen thought elegantly expressed. It seems like such an obvious thing to expect quality of thought and articulation from a creative writer, but, in fact, the more I observe of critical standards, the more deceptive this simplicity appears to me. For style is a thing less lauded than subordinated to content-level concerns: the presentation of words is not deemed as important as the representation of, say, social roles – by which I really mean ideologically inflected categories. Today’s critic asks, “What does this tell us about … ?”, or “How is this informed by … ?”, where the missing term is generally supplied by contemporary values, or contemporary interpretations of the past. Or, it becomes a hallmark of higher-level criticism to read such content-level concerns, ambiguously originated, as encoded in the presentation of a text. Like the corsets symbolizing male oppression, closed couplets signal conservative sympathies, or something like that. This splicing of form with ideology indeed, as I think the practice begins with the extension of a (historically constrained) sociological construct onto the study of literature, is one I find deeply problematic.
But that is a discussion for perhaps another day, and the point I am rather driving here is not that content-level concerns are unimportant, or even that hermeneutic ones are valueless. It’s that style, qua style, is not prized as a criterion of literary worth, when it should be. If this sounds like a bid for a more aesthetic valuation of literature, that’s exactly what it is. But the reason I make it bypasses somewhat the aporetic question of beauty, what it is and how evaluated, even though of course that’s part and parcel of aesthetics. I am talking about something a little different, if to my mind inherently related, and that is technique. I think these two, beauty and technique, go hand in hand in the artefactual context – that is, in any of the arts, to me what is technically adept is beautiful. To me, the ultimate reward of engaging with any work of art, and I place literature in that category, is something like astonishment at the level of skill required to pull it off. This implies that the artist is preeminently skillful, that the artwork is novel not because it’s experimental in some fashion (not necessarily, anyway), but because it challenges an expectation of what can feasibly – humanly, if you like – be achieved. This is not unlike an instance of the sublime, the difference being, that the technique observed can be perfectly comprehensible, but still extraordinary in its transcendence. So those novels are in the truest sense eye-opening for me, that display a command of language unavailable to most people, or even to most writers. Language is the tool of the novelist, and how well he handles it determines his noteworthiness. The noteworthiest books, in this sense, are the most enjoyable.
Now, all this isn’t to say that Scott is the forgotten Shakespeare of the nineteenth century. But it is to say that the man can write! Take this one paragraph of description, from a longer passage detailing Darsie’s first impressions of the Laird’s abode; the Laird himself is the focus of this study:
“He had now thrown off his rough riding-cap, and his coarse jockey-coat, and stood before me in a grey jerkin trimmed with black, which sat close to, and set off, his large and sinewy frame, and a pair of trousers of a lighter colour, cut as close to the body as they are used by Highlandmen. His whole dress was of finer cloth than that of the old man; and his linen, so minute was my observation, clean and unsullied. His shirt was without ruffles, and tied at the collar with a black ribbon, which showed his strong and muscular neck rising from it like that of an ancient Hercules. His head was small, with a large forehead, and well-formed ears. He wore neither peruke nor hair-powder; and his chestnut locks, curling close to his head like those of an antique statue, showed not the least touch of time, though the owner must have been at least fifty. His features were high and prominent in such a degree that one knew not whether to term them harsh or handsome. In either case, the sparkling grey eye, aquiline nose, and well-formed mouth, combined to render his physiognomy noble and expressive. An air of sadness, or severity, or of both, seemed to indicate a melancholy, and, at the same time, a haughty temper. I could not help running mentally over the ancient heroes, to whom I might assimilate the noble form and countenance before me. He was too young, and evinced too little resignation to his fate, to resemble Belisarius. Coriolanus, standing by the hearth of Tullus Aufidius, came nearer the mark; yet the gloomy and haughty look of the stranger had, perhaps, still more of Marius, seated among the ruins of Carthage.”
There is nothing apparently exceptional here – no frilly metaphors or idiomatic expressions or (spare me!) stylistic texture. But the amount of syntactic variation summoned to arrange Darsie’s observations of his host, themselves a testament to a fertile imagination, attests to an incredible dexterity of mind, practiced upon language. Just watch for the concatenation of phrases as a vehicle for detail, which accumulates through occasionally visual, occasionally associative relationships. Just witness the variety that colors the subject–verb pairings, despite their unified focus: “He had thrown off … and stood before me”; “His whole dress was”; “He wore”; “his chestnut locks showed”; “the sparkling grey eye, aquiline nose, and well-formed mouth, combined”; “An air of sadness … seemed”. I am reminded (though it may not appear to some a flattering comparison!) of J. S. Mill’s style – elastic in its perspicuity, copious and collected, phrase-laden, and every phrase snug in its place. It’s a marvelous intelligence that can lend a sentence so much range.
Now, it’s one thing to compare the average literary idiom some 200 years ago with what it is today. I am speaking of the average ability a writer commands over his linguistic resources. No comment on that. What I do wonder, more to the point, is how representative was Scott’s idiom for his time. And there, I would venture to say with a fair degree of certainty, that Scott outdoes his average contemporary litterateur. Austen is often brought to mind as the paragon of Regency stylists, and to be sure, she has her own way with a sentence. But Austen’s merit is to economy as Scott’s is to amplitude; they are both celebrated in their own right (my preference for Scott, I think, has other/additional grounds). I am reminded, here, of Austen’s stroke of jealousy towards Scott, I think in a letter or a diary entry somewhere – something like a mock-complaint that, with Scott on the field, there remains little to be done by others!
So Scott has my unflagging allegiance, plot-based and (therefore, I’d say) confectionary as Redgauntlet was, to my taste, because he is, in the first place, an accomplished writer. Now I’ll strip my pretenses to that name by introducing a new idea in a concluding paragraph, and that has to do with the Scottish question. The English question? I’m talking about the reputation Scott has garnered for romanticizing Scottish nationalism at the expense of giving it serious political credit. I hope this is fair to say, actually, because I’m gathering that opinions are mixed about how/where exactly to receive Scott within the British canon, and that this has undoubtedly changed over time. I would like to learn more about this, about Scott’s own allegiances, and how these altered his reputation with literary critics over the years, and I’ll only say in closing that I felt a certain sympathy for the cultural attitude expressed in this book, consonant as it was with my own blended cultural experience, for what I suspect are entirely politically incorrect reasons.