Flatland / Sphereland

by Edwin A. Abbott

Flatland : the classic speculation on life in four dimensions; Sphereland : a continuing speculation on an expanding universe

Genres: Fiction, Science Fiction, Mathematics, Physics, Fantasy, Classics, Philosophy

328 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1965

About the author

People best know British theologian and writer Edwin Abbott Abbott for his imaginative satirical novella Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions (1884).

This English schoolmaster authored of the mathematical satire.

He was educated at the city of London school and at college of Saint John, Cambridge, where he as fellow took the highest honors in classics, mathematics, and theology. In 1862, he took orders. After holding masterships at school of king Edward, Birmingham, and at Clifton college, he succeeded G.F. Mortimer as headmaster of the City of London School in 1865 at the early age of 26 years. He was Hulsean lecturer in 1876.

He retired in 1889, and devoted himself to literary and theological pursuits. Liberal inclinations of Abbott in theology were prominent both in his educational views and in his books. His Shakespearian Grammar (1870) is a permanent contribution to English philology. In 1885 he published a life of Francis Bacon. His theological writings include three anonymously published religious romances - Philochristus (1878), Onesimus (1882), and Sitanus (1906).

More weighty contributions are the anonymous theological discussion The Kernel and the Husk (1886), Philomythus (1891), his book The Anglican Career of Cardinal Newman (1892), and his article "The Gospels" in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, embodying a critical view which caused considerable stir in the English theological world. He also wrote St Thomas of Canterbury, his Death and Miracles (1898), Johannine Vocabulary (1905), Johannine Grammar (1906). Flatland was published in 1884.

Sources that say he is the brother of Evelyn Abbott (1843 - 1901), who was a well-known tutor of Balliol College, Oxford, and author of a scholarly history of Greece, are in error.

Reviews

[Ariyan Abidi · Rating 5 out of 5]

تابحال فکر کردید زندگی تو یه جهان دو بعدی یا تک بعدی چطوری میشه؟ به ظاهر مسئله ساده ایه اما…

خیلی خلاصه بخوام بگم کتاب داستان مربعی در جهان تختستانه(دو بعد) که به طور اتفاقی متوجه وجود جهان بالاتری به اسم حجمستان(سه بعد) میشه.
اما خب کسی حرفشو باور نمیکنه و صحبت راجب این مسئله تو تختستان ممنوعه.

قبلا وقتی راجب فیزیک نسبیت و درک ابعاد بالاتر میخوندم بار ها اسم این کتابو شنیده بودم اما حتی یه درصد فکر نمیکردم انقدر مفصل و کامل بخواد زندگی تو یه فضای دو بعدی، تک بعدی حتی صفر بعدی رو توضیح بده(البته در قالب یه داستان تمثیلی)

کتاب شامل
داستان اصلی تختستان نوشته ادوین ابوت
و داستان گویستان نوشته دینویس بورکره که بعد ها در تکمیل تختستان نوشته شده.

بخش اول از کتاب اول راجب ماهیت جهان تختستانه.(حدود ۱۰۰صفحه)
زندگیشون. جنسیت هاشون.
طبقه های اجتماعی. تبعیض ها.
روحانیون. طوری که همدیگه رو میبینن و …

این بخش به اندازه بخش دوم کتاب اهمیت نداره اما بازم جالبه که نویسنده سعی میکنه پایه و اساس این جهانو بسازه.

بخش دوم مواجهه با جهان های دیگست
برای مثال مربعی که با جهان تک بعدی خطستان مواجه میشه
یا کره ای که از جهان حجمستان میخواد با تختستان ارتباط برقرار کنه.
(مکالمه هرکدوم از این موجودات از ابعاد مختلف و تلاششون برای درک همدیگه مو به تن ادم سیخ میکنه)
یکی از جالب ترین بخش هاش زمانیه که مربع برای اولین بار یه کره رو با دید محدود خودش میبینه
توصیف چنین صحنه ای بینظیره.
بعد از خوندن این بخش میتونید تاحدی ملاقات با خدا رو تصویر سازی کنید(بسته به تخیل خودتون!)

خب تا اینجا فقط کتاب اول بود.

تو کتاب دوم(گویستان) ماجرا از اینی که هست هم هیجان انگیز تر میشه و نویسنده نسبیت اینشتین رو وارد کار میکنه.
جهانی که توش مجموع زوایای مثلث بیشتر از ۱۸۰ میشه و نور یه مسیر صاف رو طی نمیکنه.
(سوپرایز! این جهان جهان خودمونه)

حتی منی که بارها راجب خمیده بودن تحقیق کردم تا قبل خوندن این کتاب درک درستی از این مسئله نداشتم که اصلا منظور از خمیدگی چیه

کتاب بار ها حماقت ما انسان ها رو بهمون یاداوری میکنه. از محدودیت هایی که برای خودمون و ذهنمون درست میکنیم تا توهم اینکه علم کامل و بی نقصی داریم.
خوبی ژانر علمی تخیلی همینه دیگه.
هرچند وقت یه بار بهت تلنگر میزنه که فکر نکن علامه دهری و هیچ تفکر اشتباهی نداری.

در اخر این اگه به این مسائل علاقه دارید
دوتا ویدیو یوتوب هم پیشنهاد میکنم ببینید

* احتمال وجود زندگی در دوبعد
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BDe...
* خلاصه مفهوم کتاب
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6kn6...

[Robert · Rating 3 out of 5]

Flatland

Abbott's classic, exuberant look at life in two dimensions and how hard it would be to understand a third deserves a wide audience; much wider than stereotypical maths or science nerds. Not only does it remind us that our direct perceptions are limited and limiting, it also acts as a severe critique and satire on Victorian society and hubris that we would do well to take note of even today. Finally, it ends on a bit of a downer note, telling us how visionaries are often treated as crazy.

[Travis · Rating 5 out of 5]

Flatland I feel was a speculation on women inequality. If you read flatland you will see that in every "universe" women always have one less dimension. Even though Edwin A. Abbott was always about defending women's rights, in the book he writes women as being stupid sticks instead. I feel the book was just a way for him to expose the injustice to women through a book.

Although I think the book was just a speculation on women's rights, the book does have a mathematical aspect. The book is essentially a square in a 2D world called flatland after all. The square is a mathematician that strives to learn more about other worlds or universes.

Overall this was a great book because math is amazing and it's speculation on women's rights was interesting.

[Clay Zdobylak · Rating 4 out of 5]

Every once and a while i'll read a book, often a very very old book, which is just a blast to read. The author doesnt seem to worry about making a 'great book', but instead just makes something fun, and direct, and interesting.
The authors of both Flatland and Sphereland seem to have been in this headspace, and made very interesting and pleasant books.

[яσвεят · Rating 2 out of 5]

جنس و ماهیت کتاب علمی تخیلی هندسی سخت و چالشیه ، بماند که درون مایه فلسفی و ذات وجودی انسان از ابعاد خالقیت هم داخلش داره نثر کتاب خیلی کهن و قدیمی نوشته شده و این در حالی هست که آسیموف برای این کتاب و بعدی آن پیش مقدمه ای هوایی نوشته یعنی همان سالهای جوانی خودش و بالغ بر کلی سال پیش
کتاب اول همان تخستان ، خیلی کم حجم هست در حد ۱۵۰ صفحه
داستانی با تصاویره که لابه لای ذهن را بهتر آماده پذیرش می‌سازه
در ادامه ی کتاب داستان گویستان را داریم که یکجورایی تکمیل کننده کتاب تخستان هست و خیلی منسجم تر و موشکافانه تر بررسی کرده
و انگاری میون یک پازل چند هزار تیکه بزرگ
این تویی که قطعات درست را کنار همدیگر قرار بدی و همین باعث میشه تختستان مناسب همه ی افراد کتابخوان نباشه
چون به شدت زودرنج آوری میاره

[Bryan]

A classic: I have read this book at least a dozen times. It's a must read for anyone, a satire of many dimensions. While the aspects of dimensionality apply to the math geeks, the pun on straight-laced Victorian society actually mirrors many of the things we face in our society today, but with a different twist. This is a great way for a lay person to understand the concept of dimensionality. If you like this book, I also highly recommend reading Rudy Rucker's Spaceland and Ian Stewart's Flatterland. Both are great sequels to this original classic and absolutely hilarious!

[Empty · Rating 5 out of 5]

Must-read for humans.

[Kim Lockhart · Rating 4 out of 5]

My review and rating are a bit of a misnomer, as this volume is two books in one, and my four star rating mainly refers to Sphereland, the second book.

Don't get me wrong, Flatland, the first story, is an amazing concept: residents of a two-dimensional society learn about a three-dimensional society and even about a one-dimensional kingdom. But Flatland comes off as a little, forgive me . . . flat. It was written a really long time ago, so maybe that explains the stiff style and the misogynistic structure. Women in Flatland are compared to bee stingers. Dude! There is one particularly interesting idea which parallels many political structures in our own world: revolution from lower classes is prevented by a specifically instilled hope: that occasionally a few can rise above the circumstances of their birth, on their own. Also, the brightest leaders of the lower classes are either recruited or stifled, to keep the status quo. Similarly, we have a cultural myth that anyone can rise to great status with hard work, determination, and never giving up. It's a great insight about how caste systems are maintained.

But, thank you, Sphereland! It's refreshing after Flatland. I'm not sure you need to read Flatland at all. There's a recap at the beginning of the sequel to familiarize you with the first story. And the reading isn't just more modern, inclusive, and evolved, dare I say that the thinking is more 3-D? The limits of Flatland are set free, almost. Sphereland does what my high school geometry teacher never could: teaches some key concepts in story form. I wouldn't generally be interested in learning even a little about physics, mathematics or geometry, but the narrative sneaks them in so seamlessly. It's quite clever. And the author managed to tackle a lot of subjects at once. There are allegorical references to women's liberation, the lessons of the star-bellied Sneetches, the effects of imperial colonialism, genocide, ethnocentrism, etc. And I have to say that I learned or relearned a lot about the sciences, including the social sciences.

It's not a book for everyone, but it is a book not to be missed by thinkers, who want to imagine each dimension conceptually in story form. It is a book like no other, and I feel enlightened by reading it.

[Steve Chisnell · Rating 2 out of 5]

While Flatland is amazing (my review elsewhere), Sphereland is a dry and largely uninspired exercise in writing about the basics of Einstein's space using the world of Flatland. Highlights from the short work are the neo-colonial biases as the Flatlanders early on explore nearby lands and go south "to the jungles." But everything else is a storyline with only the most meager of conflicts or suspense while the characters say little for pages except, "It was most curious!" Frankly, it could be little else: the geometric ideas presented are--as made clear in the plot--accessible to five year olds. Their implications are--for those with no understanding of curved space--interesting. But the fun, the nuance, the satire, the multiple allegories, and most of all the cognitive dissonances of the original are left behind.

[Ali Rokan · Rating 5 out of 5]

Marvellous interpretation of world perspectives in the eyes of geometrical figure. I didn't enjoy flatland much as I enjoyed the protagonist has struggled while comprehending the different worlds he knew nothing about.

[Alisher Abdurakhmanov · Rating 2 out of 5]

This review is just for Flatland. Shortly: quite OK but no more. Simple, moderately boring. Do not expect anything special from this book and it will not disappoint you (maybe).

[Ben Reburn · Rating 2 out of 5]

There is some interesting stuff, but the satire doesn't really hold up, or more likely I'm not smart enough to get it.

[Laiba · Rating 2 out of 5]

boi this book is about 2-D, 3-D, 4-D, and 5-D shapes talking

[Danijel Pranjić · Rating 5 out of 5]

From my point of view Abbott wrote Flatland as a satirical novel, skewering what he believed were short-sighted traditions of Victorian England: strict divisions of social classes, which in Flatland are personified by geometric objects.

[Matthew Gracon · Rating 5 out of 5]

Loved this book. Very imaginative and well thought out.

[Sarah · Rating 4 out of 5]

This review is just for Sphereland, as my Flatland review is attached to a different book/version.

At the most general level, it was a fun read! Like Flatland, it was divided into easy sections and one always knew of what concept a particular paragraph was explaining. It indeed wasn't as charming as Flatland, but that's because nothing can compete with Flatland's sheer originality.

Main parts: Crash course from Flatland (SUPER boring as I was familiar with it), social progression, exploration of the known world, and explanations for three mathematical concepts: congruence/chirality, curved worlds, and expanding worlds.

It starts off years in the future post Flatland- finally, the third dimension is widely accepted, if only in theory. While one "knows" the 3D exists, one would also commit to an insane asylum anyone who claimed to have been visited by a 3D creature- which- lame.

The social development is akin from the transition from Aristocracy to Democracy from Downton Abbey, which is incredibly fitting given the dislike of the Victorian hierarchy! The hierarchy is dismantled, those of the lower classes find pride in themselves, and women gain agency. This is all interspersed with cute little examples of the way individuals rebelled against tradition. Anyway, good on the author to quickly align himself with the politically correct- although it is also to be balanced against the fact that it was written in 1960 and gender equality edged closer to what we call today benevolent sexism. Example: "Man no longer has a monopoly over science, even though nature did create woman first of all for marriage. It is she who by virtue of her great gifts of love and devotion has been destined to raise children and to dedicate herself to homemaking. This takes up such a large part of her mental life there is usually no room left in her intellect for study of science. The really [got a disturbingly mocking italics feeling there, author] important inventions and discoveries will undoubtably [idk about UNDOUBTABLY. please, a scientists deals with possibilities.] continue to be made by men!" (29). But you know, whatever, progress was progress.

Interspersed throughout the story are fairytale/disney mini-stories- they are super cute, have no math/physics bearing, and just deepen the detail of their world and social progression.

Moving on is the era of exploration, and Flatland is thoroughly mapped by interesting characters. We have the war-loving Amazons to the South, who love war so much their society is purely women and they raid/plunder surrounding tribes for their men. Given their needle point sharpness, they are quite formidable. They were exterminated later in a case of brain over brawn. We find the ocean and tropical forests. They even built a submarine! It took me a while to understand how one can "submerge" at all given there is no depth in Flatland, but really it's just traveling south of the waterline. Two dudes competed to see who could travel their furthest- one went west and another went east, and lo and behold, they find each other! Holy crap, the world is round! Another misunderstanding moment. I was like.. round? You mean like a sphere? But I had jumped the gun, as they interpreted this as a "disk," with the core at the center. ANOTHER moment of confusion was the whole "parallel lines meet at a point in the center of the earth" BEFORE they figure out the world is curved. But... and I think this is the case, they were describing/confusing the trail of gravity rather than the true parallel. There is also a cute exploration of the atmosphere. A girl launched out of a catapult and saw other worlds! Space looks rather infinite! A massive disk! No.

We finally get into the three major mathematical concepts whose illustration is the purpose of this book. The Sphere visits from Spaceland, and he is properly remorseful for his abandonment of A Square when A Square challenged him on the 4th dimension. (Readers here are likely to feel vicious pleasure as I did). He has been visited by an over-sphere! A dot appeared to him in mid air, grew to a small sphere and increased in size before decreasing and disappearing. He was also jabbed in the insides as creatures of the higher dimension are wont to do. (Cue vicious pleasure #2). They agree to chat every year.

First year of note: Agatha, the Hex's daughter, loves dogs. Dogs are this new fangled creature that were domesticated from wolves. Due to the flat nature of the world, they are either facing left or facing right (assuming their legs are facing the same direction, south for example). For some reason of nature, the ones facing right are a lot more rare. These are called pedigreed. The left-facers are mongrels. Agatha loooves her dogs, but she would sure love a pedigreed one. It sure doesn't help that her love rival has three pedigreed dogs and stole the affections of the object of hers. So dad decides to buy puppies from a pedigreed dog, which has a higher chance. Out of the 12 subsequent puppies, not a one was pedigreed. Cue sadness. Sphere comes, and by now, I'm frothing at the mouth with excitement knowing that's coming next. The author had built up the little mini story so much and so well that I wanted nothing but Agatha to have her 13 pedigreed dogs and shove them in her rivals/ex-lovers face. The sphere takes the puppies out of their world, flips them around, and drops them back down. 13 dogs are now pedigreed!
Concept of note: what does this look like in the 3rd dimension? Why, a left shoe becoming a right shoe. There were experiments, and left handers became right handers, but writing became mirrored as well. While it is hard to imagine how a left shoe can become a right shoe, it is easier to imagine flipping oneself instead. So when ones wakes up in the morning, everything is on the opposite side that it used to be. It may seem as if the world has changed, but in reality, your body had flipped. Super cool concept.

Second year of note: Curvature! Triangles, when applied to a curved object, do not have 180 degrees (unless it is a perfectly inward caving triangle). Then, they find out that their world is curving in a direction that they cannot see (upwards, not northwards), and therefore the triangles pasted to their surface, while looking like straight lines, are actually curved lines, which explain >180 degrees. This is when they find out that their world is NOT a disk, but in fact a sphere in which there is no inside. (Not too sure about this, but the "inside" would be part of the world that they cannot see, in the same way that the inside of the circle of the curved lineland does not exist for lineland.) Concept of note: What does this look like in the 3D world? Whew, it gets tougher. The universe is curved in a direction that we cannot see, the 4D. This means that the universe as we know it is the surface of the hyper-universe. Or, its way simpler, and its the way we understand latitude/longitude lines and how we can draw the globe/map on a 2D piece of paper- but this channels the spirit of Lineland too much and doesn't explain the "inside" of the sphere playing a role. I will have to reread.

Third year of note: EXPANSION! But first, background: our dudes are measuring the distance from their world to other worlds/planets/stars. They use two ways of measurement: telemetry and uh... radar wave distance calculation? Something to do with light, but radar=/=light? Ugh, another reread moment. Using telemetry, they have two points, a known length baseline, 2 known adjacent angles and they use trig to calculate the distance from the two points to their subject. They do this again and again, and the measurements always increase; at an increasing rate for objects that are farther. Using light/radar, they bounce the waves toward their object, wait for it to bounce back, and using the time, measure distance. Same dealio, the distance is increasing over time. Telemetry is more accurate when their objects are closer (due to curvature?) and because telemetry corroborates it, they know that light/radar waves don't behave differently/strangely/slow down over time. How to explain? Words on a balloon (increasingly large circle in lineland) being blown up explain it. It doesn't however, explain WHY the universe is expanding, just that it is. Concept of note: yes, expansion is also happening in the 3D, in which a sphere is expanding. I'm not sure however what relation it has with the +1 dimension. Is there a cause from there?

In any case, it was highly enjoyable! Love the dogs the most and the chirality observations. In general, I thought that the translator did a pretty good job in making it in the same spirit as Flatland. It had some of the same attitude/style, but there of course, were bits and pieces that were different, most notable to me was the consistent detail of walking around thinking, friend interactions, etc.

[Searchingthemeaningoflife Greece · Rating 5 out of 5]

[Γιατί να αφυπνίζεται η δίψα του ανθρώπου για μάθηση αν τελικά τον οδηγεί σε απογοήτευση και τιμωρία; Η θέλησή μου κάμπτεται μπροστά στο οδυνηρό καθήκον της εξιστόρησης της ταπείνωσής μου. Κι όμως, σαν ένας δεύτερος Προμηθέας θα το υπομείνω και αυτό και άλλα χειρότερα, αν πρόκειται μ' αυτά μου τα λόγια να ξεσηκώσω τους κατοίκους της Επίπεδης και της Στερεής πραγματικότητας, ώστε να αντισταθούν στην Έπαρση που περιορίζει τις Διαστάσεις μας σε Δύο ή Τρεις ή σε οποιονδήποτε πεπερασμένο αριθμό.]

🌐 [Καταλαμβάνει όλο το Χώρο", συνέχισε να μονολογεί Πλάσμα, "και αυτό που καταλαμβάνει, είναι Αυτό το Ίδιο. Ό,τι σκέφτεται αυτό ξεστομίζει και ό,τι ξεστομίζει αυτό ακούει. Είναι αυτό το Ίδιο εκείνος ο που Σκέφτεται, που Ξεστομίζει, που Ακούει, η Σκέψη, η Λέξη, η Ακοή. Είναι το Ένα και συνάμα τα Πάντα. Ω, τι ευτυχία, τι ευτυχία που είναι η Ύπαρξη!"
"Δεν μπορείς να ταρακουνήσεις αυτό το μικρό πράγμα για να βγει από την αυταρέσκειά του;" είπα. "Πες του τι είναι στην πραγματικότητα, όπως το είπες και σ' εμένα. Αποκάλυψέ του τα στενά όρια της Σημειοχώρας και οδήγησε το σε κάτι ανώτερο."]

[La Lena · Rating 3 out of 5]

Геометрический исторический роман, который к концу всё яснее показывает грани антиутопии.
Если закрывать глаза на то,что книга написана в 1880 году и феминизм "не, не слышал", — это правда очень занятная история, точнее математика, ну геометрия, если быть точнее. На самом деле Эббот весьма сатирично и иронично говорит о социуме, государственном устрое Флатландии и религии. Жаль, что я классе в 10 не прочитала этот любимый К. Торном и К.Нолананом рассказ.Может, и до Сферляндии доберусь когда-нибудь.

Осталось пересмотреть (в который раз) "Интерстеллар". Ещё один кирпичик в понимании пространства и гиперпространства,в котором мы все с вами плаваем.

[Dave Heberer · Rating 3 out of 5]

It felt super misogynistic and very classist. I think it's a product of the time, he doesn't come across as mean about it more like Very matter of fact. It made it hard to get at the heart of what he was trying to do (I think) which is get you to try and imagine what a fourth dimension would be like through analogy. By telling you a story of a two dimensional creature having to get a grip on a three dimensional reality, he's really trying to get you to understand how it is to conceive a fourth dimension. Which is kind of cool. But slogging through the classist mysoginy seems like too much to get through.

[Marguerite MacLean · Rating 3 out of 5]

Although I'm not really into math, this book or books were very interesting. In Flatland, we meet a square who lives in a two dimensional world and as he describes the world he also describes the culture. You are judged by the number of sides you have so he brags that his grandson is a hexagon and destined for much better things. When we flip the book and read sphere land, we hear from the grandson who is all grown up and facing challenges of his own about his world and the worlds around him. If you love math, especially geometry, this will be a fun read, but even if you don't the cultural versions especially their view of woman is very old fashioned.

[B Sarv · Rating 2 out of 5]

I think flatland would function better with the introduction of the Cartesian plane. It would allow the society to transform

Written in 1884 by a man described as liberal the misogyny and classism (and probably symbolic racism) made this book difficult to read. I put up with it because it was on a list of 20 must read science fiction books. It was an early attempt and while clever I wouldn’t call it ingenious. There are numerous problems, from a mathematical standpoint, with his fictionalization of a two dimensional world.

Well I read it. So tick another book from the list.

.

[Jay · Rating 5 out of 5]

《平面国》。一本有意思的小书，一本披着科幻外衣的社会公义小说(a social justice narrative in disguise of a Sci-Fi fiction)。
作者笔下的平面国无疑就是人类社会，书中例举的荒谬可笑的政策规矩条例，冷酷无情地体现了人类社会的社会准则和现象 - 等级制度、社会流动、女性地位和革命群众的盲从轻信等等。而一旦脱离平面国，见识到更为复杂的三维空间，等待这个幸运的正方形的下场，只有进监狱。
囿于个人环境和经历而产生的观点或甚至成见偏见，也使得人与人之间的交流成为不可能。无形的枷锁伴随绝大多数人的一生，无法挣脱。

[Deaf March · Rating 4 out of 5]

I am convinced that this book is about God and belief. It's about spirituality with such a completed way and not in an unscientific or ignorant way. Although the 70-80% of it, up untill you reach the square visiting Lineland, was kinda slow and a little boring.

[sina haqverdi · Rating 4 out of 5]

وقتی که خوندمش نوجون بودم ولی همون موقع منو درگیر کرد این کتاب شاید واسه منی که از دنیای فیزیک سررشته‌ای نداشتم یه چیز خیلی جذابی بود ولی خوب امیدوارم دوباره بخونمش ولی چهار ستاره رو میدم چون تونست مغز یه نوجوون رو درگیر خودش کنه و هنوز هم بعد سال ها در موردش فکر میکنم

[Judy Wellington · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is one of my favorite books ever. I have tried to describe it to others & when I do, they think I'm nuts. However, I found it incredibly fascinating and thought provoking.

[Dawn22 · Rating 5 out of 5]

I read this twice, several years ago. I enjoyed reading about the people who were different shapes (circle, polygon, triangle, etc.)

[Tink · Rating 3 out of 5]

Flatland. A most interesting listen. Would be interested to know if a person who is conversant in geometry thinks.

[Ken · Rating 4 out of 5]

I struggled with Flatland when I was 14 and struggled again at 77. Good book. Difficult concepts.

[Paschalis]

elibrary

[Sarede Switzer · Rating 5 out of 5]

Loved it. Very deep. The stuff about women and societal hierarchies in general was interesting.