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Cosmology’s Century: An Inside History of Our Modern Understanding of the Universe

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From Nobel Prize-winning physicist P. J. E. Peebles, the story of cosmology from Einstein to today.

Modern cosmology began a century ago with Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity and his notion of a homogenous, philosophically satisfying cosmos. Cosmology's Century is the story of how generations of scientists built on these thoughts and many new measurements to arrive at a well-tested physical theory of the structure and evolution of our expanding universe.

In this landmark book, one of the world's most esteemed theoretical cosmologists offers an unparalleled personal perspective on how the field developed. P. J. E. Peebles was at the forefront of many of the greatest discoveries of the past century, making fundamental contributions to our understanding of the presence of helium and microwave radiation from the hot big bang, the measures of the distribution and motion of ordinary matter, and the new kind of dark matter that allows us to make sense of these results. Taking readers from the field's beginnings, Peebles describes how scientists working in independent directions found themselves converging on a theory of cosmic evolution interesting enough to warrant the rigorous testing it passes so well. He explores the major advances--some inspired by remarkable insights or perhaps just lucky guesses--as well as the wrong turns taken and the roads not explored. He shares recollections from major players in this story and provides a rare, inside look at how natural science is really done.

A monumental work, Cosmology's Century also emphasizes where the present theory is incomplete, suggesting exciting directions for continuing research.

440 pages, Hardcover

First published June 2, 2020

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About the author

P.J.E. Peebles

9 books15 followers
also Phillip James Edwin Peebles, P. James E. Peebles

Phillip James Edwin Peebles was born in Winnipeg, Canada, Province of Manitoba, on April 25, 1935. Living in the tiny town of St. Vital and graduating in a high school class of 12, his interests in science were not tapped until his college days. Although planning to study engineering at the University of Manitoba, he encountered four inspirational physics professors who sparked a career in physics. He received his BS degree from the University in 1958 and moved next to Princeton University, intending to study particle physics.

Instead he became the only student of his influential mentor, Robert Dicke, to enter into theoretical physics. Under Dicke's influence Peebles gradually moved from studies of gravity to astronomy and from astronomy to cosmology. Dicke also planted the original seed that inspired Peebles to look for the presence of background radiation in the universe. In 1965, as a result of Peebles' post doctoral research, he and Dicke boldly predicted the existence of cosmic background radiation. In 1966 he began work on the theoretical calculations that would make cosmological studies an important topic for physicists. His book Physical Cosmology (1971) established the framework for a series of challenging new theoretical proposals that helped shape the field of cosmological studies. In 1984 Peebles was named Albert Einstein Professor of Science at Princeton University.

Peebles has written many influential and provocative articles in addition to his important books. His contributions have been recognized with honorary degrees from the University of Toronto, University of Chicago, McMaster University, University of Manitoba, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and the Université Catholique de Louvain. He has also received important awards, including the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1981) and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1998).

Prof. Peebles and his wife, Alison, live in Princeton, New Jersey, where they share an interest in gardening and in exploring nature. Although he plans to retire from his faculty position at Princeton in the near future, he does not plan to discontinue his life long pursuit of understanding the nature of the

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Displaying 1 - 8 of 8 reviews
Profile Image for Dan Graser.
Author 4 books121 followers
October 3, 2020
This is certainly a book that lives up to its title in that you are given a physicist's perspective on the developments behind our latest understanding of cosmology. However, this is also a massively technical book that - though I'm certain they would want the layperson to read - has far too much technical information to be read evenly if you are not familiar with the math behind much of this. While certain authors in this field always readily encourage you to skip the technical detail if you're not familiar, if you do that here, you miss well over half of the book. Thus I would only recommend to those with some sort of physics and mathematical background, however this would be more appropriate for an undergraduate survey course on cosmology. In particular, I enjoyed his direct experiences with ΛCDM theory and the explanation given for this in the latter third of the book, detailing the end of 20th century revolution was well-supported by the contextual material presented before it. I'm not certain he needed to spend as much time in the age of Einstein as he did, but that's a minor criticism. Wonderful reading though highly technical.
342 reviews6 followers
May 1, 2023
If you’ve got the science chops, this is probably the best and most information-rich summary of how we arrived at the current understanding of the origin and evolution of our universe; a hot big bang leading to an accelerating universe dominated by dark energy and dark matter. It’s mindblowing to follow the historical arc (described by one of the most important players in this story) and consider how much we have learned in “cosmology’s century”, from general relativity to the 1998-2003 cosmological revolution.

The ideal reader of this book probably has taken at least some university level physics and astronomy courses. You can skim over some of the technical material, but if you don’t have some science background, you’ll be skipping most of the book.

For a popular science account, I’d recommend two excellent substitutes: Singh’s “Big Bang” for a wonderful exposition of the basics of the big bang story, and Schilling’s “The Elephant in the Universe” for many of the additional discoveries of the past few decades (dark matter, dark energy, origin of mass density fluctuations and evolution of mass structure). Those are useful supplements to “Cosmology’s Century” in any event, as they add colour and human interest stories that this very well-written but dry volume omits.

Hopefully there are more discoveries to be made in this story, and in another decade or so, we’ll need an update to fill us in on the findings from the Webb telescope, and lab-based detection for dark matter.
Profile Image for Markus Himmelstrand.
11 reviews
July 3, 2022
As a review of the development of cosmology in the 20th century, it's pretty good and I expect to return to it from time to time as a reference.

My reservations are primarily with regard to what is supposed to be the intended audience, the demographic. I don't know who except for professional astronomers can be expected to follow along to the end. My general physics background and interest in observational astronomy were wildly insufficient and I feel a more technical title would have more accurately reflected the content. However, as a learning resource, it was still beneficial.

A closing note; the clarity of the presentation also varies a lot by chapter. Paradoxically the parts of the story where Peebles himself isn't actively a player in the narrative are usually more focused and streamlined.
Profile Image for Pi.
1,414 reviews23 followers
November 24, 2021
KOSMOLOGIA, to nauka, która jak mało która rozbudza wyobraźnię. Mnie zawsze interesowało wszystko, co związane z Wszechświatem. Można powiedzieć, że na tym punkcie mam lekkiego fioła... więc gdy zobaczyłam, że Wydawnictwo Prószyński i S-ka wprowadzają na polski rynek pokaźną cegłę autorstwa P.J.L. Peebles'a (laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki) pt. STULECIE KOSMOLOGII, to wiedziałam, że chce!
Jest to kompendium najważniejszych odkryć na tym konkretnym polu nauki. Jest to trochę książka historyczna, a trochę zbiór praw rządzących naszą - jeszcze tak mało zrozumiałą - rzeczywistością. W PRZEDMOWIE ten znakomity fizyk przygotowuje nas na to, co dostaniemy w dalszej części książki. Cóż... nawet tej PRZEDMOWY nie czyta się łatwo i należy się jej skupienie, ale tak to już jest, gdy w grę wchodzi fizyka, astrofizyka, kosmologia.
Peebles wychodzi od podstaw, czyli od TEORII WZGLĘDNOŚCI EINSTEINA. Jest to zrozumiały i najlepszy z możliwych punkt wyjścia do opowiedzenia historii KOSMOLOGII. Od EINSTEINA może nie wszystko się zaczęło, ale na pewno wszystko się zmieniło.
We WPROWADZENIU fizyk pięknie prowadzi nas przez zagadnienia, które będzie omawiał dalej. Jest to zrozumiałe, ale także wymagające... a potem jest tylko bardziej i bardziej. Jednak oczywistym jest, że ci, którzy sięgają po takie pozycje, właśnie tego oczekują.
Czytałam wiele książek o tej, bądź zbliżonej tematyce i muszę przyznać, że STULECIE KOSMOLOGII wymaga od czytelnika więcej, niż jej podobne. Przykładowo książki Briana Greena ("Piękno Wszechświata", "Do końca czasu"), są przyjemne i stosunkowo łatwe w odbiorze, nawet sam Einstein w ISTOCIE TEORII WZGLĘDNOŚCI jest bardziej przystępny, ale Peebles robi coś jeszcze - on to wszystko łączy w jedną całość i stara się pokazać przekrój przez tę, przecież niesamowicie skomplikowaną, dziedzinę nauki.
Podobają mi się rozważania na temat JEDNORODNOŚCI WSZECHŚWIATA i sprytne argumenty ku wytrąceniu pałeczki z rąk samemu EINSTEINOWI. Duże zainteresowanie wzbudziła we mnie także już sama kontrowersja przy nazwie WIELKI WYBUCH (takich perełek mamy tu całe mnóstwo). Oczywiście ja nadal tę książkę czytam, bo to nie jest pozycja, którą pochłania się na raz. Ona domaga się czasu i ten czas ode mnie dostaje każdego dnia... po trochę.
Jakie zagadnienia jeszcze znajdziecie w tej cegle? Np. modele kosmologiczne (fantastyczna sprawa, choć tak naprawdę jeden model jest tylko prawdopodobny, drugi jest raczej dla wygodnych), promieniowanie tła, struktura kosmiczna, nieświecąca materia, ciemna materia, natura badań naukowych i wiele, wiele innych arcyciekawych informacji.
Uczciwie informuję, że podczas czytania muszę mieć otwarty internet, w którym szukam prostych wyjaśnień podanych wzorów. Tak! Wzory to moje przekleństwo i jestem zmuszona sięgać po zasoby internetu. Nie ma w tym nic złego, bo choć można przebrnąć przez tę książkę bez wystukiwania wzorów w google, to jednak ja jeśli już poświęcam dwustronnemu podrozdziałowi czas, to chcę go zrozumieć najlepiej jak to tylko możliwe, a autor jednak założył, że posiadam solidne podstawy... podczas gdy, choć cały czas sięgam po tego typu publikacje, cały czas jestem w tej kwestii kompletnym laikiem. Mnie to osobiście nie przeszkadza, bo właśnie to jest w tym najlepsze - to pragnienie zrozumienia i bycie na progu - przygotowując się do KOSMICZNEGO SKOKU.
Czy polecam? Cóż... dla zainteresowanych, jest to pozycja obowiązkowa i chluba na półce (oby również stała się chlubą w głowie). Pięknie wydana (uwielbiam wyklejkę i grzbiet) no i jak to arcydobrze brzmi STULECIE KOSMOLOGII! Właśnie wyprężam z dumy pierś... i wypuszczam powietrze... bo zdaję sobie sprawę, że przede mną wyboista droga, lecz ja zawsze wolałam drogi polne od autostrad.

dla fanów KOSMOLOGII - pozycja obowiązkowa
8/10
Wydawnictwo Prószyński i S-ka
Profile Image for Raymond Lam.
102 reviews5 followers
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May 8, 2026
This work by Peebles offers a detailed technical history of cosmology over the past century from when Einstein introduced General Relativity into the topic of cosmology. The audience is for astronomers, cosmologists, and physicists interested in the subject. He provides painstaking documentation of all relevant papers on any relating topics and discusses them in details. Not only does he offers theoretical changes along all the long and winding roads about important parameters such as cosmological constant, mass density, red shifts, acoustic oscillation, thermal changes. He also references all the measurements done by various satellites COBE, WMAP, COBRA and observatories to include Hubble telescopes showing how empirical data guided theoretical changes.

It is hard to give a review of a book with such an embarrassment of overwhelming wealth of information. Let me mention a few topics that worth the price of admission. If you are interested in the various models to interpret the initial Big Bang theory, chapter 3 features a relativistic Big Bang model in comparison to a steady State model using a continuous matter creation thesis to collect matter to form galaxies. Mass density of both models are discussed. If you are interested in fossils from the Big Bang, chapter 4 provides a detailed discussion of microwave background radiation (CMB). The evolving universe is not exactly homogeneous and isotropic. The CMB sets two interesting epochs in the evolution of the universe. The first is when the red shift at which the mass densities in matter and the CMB are equal. The second is the red shift at which the primeval plasma combined with the neutral atoms, leaving traces of electrons and molecular hydrogen. The other fossil is the large quantity of helium and deuterium from the early universe.

What i found to be the most interesting parts of the book is chapter 6 on subliminal mass aka dark matter and chapter 7 nonbaryonic dark matter. Peebles made significant study of dark matter. These two chapters are not to be missed if you are interested in dark matter. The notion of dark matter in cosmology was introduced to account for what holds large clusters of galaxies together at surprisingly high velocity at the edge beyond the gravitational attraction from luminous mass in the clusters. It was suspected since the 30s that there were subliminal non-luminous mass helping to hold the cluster. A famous group used as an example was Coma Cluster. Another need for dark matter is the mass unaccounted for stabilizing spiral galaxies and for properties of merging spiral galaxies.

At first the nature of cosmic dark matter was not clear but the notion of nonbaryonic particles in particle physics in the 80s was entertained. They don't interact with light or baryon. So they are possibly some neutrinos with rest mass. At first a light rest mass neutrinos of 10s of eV was considered for a hot dark matter (HDM) model. Later a heavy neutrinos of 3 GeV was used for a cold dark matter which offers a heavier rest mass for gravity generated. Later a MDM mixed hot and dark matter model was entertained, and arrived later at the cosmological constant cold dark matter model Lamda CDM fits the newest measurement from WMAP. It was suggested dark matter accounts for about 90% of the matter of the universe based on its gravitational role while ordinary matter is about 10%.

Given the wealth of information formation in this book, it is perhaps not read best from cover to cover. It should be useful to read topically as needed like a reference book. The treatment of the topics are in painstaking documentary details which would give any research helpful guidance to navigate though the topics
Profile Image for Paul Foley.
126 reviews4 followers
February 22, 2025
“It is remarkable that we can say with some confidence what the universe was like far away and in the remote past. The well-tested theory grew out of starting ideas from a century ago, in a reasonably simple way… “ From Peebles’s introduction.

Cosmology, the study of the large structures of the universe, is only about a century old. It’s a surprisingly young science that really only got going in the years after WWII. When Einstein was publishing his theories of relativity we didn’t even know there were other galaxies beyond our own.

Peebles tells this history with great personal insight into the latter half of the history of this young and important science. It is a quite technical account (beware, mathematical formulas within!) but there is much here for non-specialists like me. This book fills an important gap between those plentiful introductory accounts written for the general reader and professional publications.
21 reviews
January 31, 2021
I could only grasp very few of the whole book >_< my bad
I think I'll try to re read again sometime soon and get better understanding
I love cosmology < 3
1 review
April 19, 2023
P.J.E Peebles does a really good job telling the story of physics as a whole in this book. From the study of black holes, to the luminaries of galaxies and stars, I can say from experience, this book is nice to read on a warm day outside on your balcony. Though The terminology could be a little confusing and difficult to understand to some, the encyclopedia sure helps a lot, since there are lots of different mathematical formulas that could be for a higher level of comprehension for physics lovers. Overall I would say this is a really good book, but could be challenging to understand at some points because of the complex discourse.
Displaying 1 - 8 of 8 reviews