This marriage portrait, while interpretive, is based on considerable research. Evangeline Bruce has sifted through letters, memoirs and other primary sources to show Napoleon and Josephine navigating a changing social and political culture individually and as a couple. Keeping the focus on them meant a welcome abbreviation of the many events to focus on their respective roles in defining, manipulating and bending to the situations.
It begins with Josephine’s life on Martinique, her family, their struggling plantation and how she went to France to marry into wealth as arranged by a paternal aunt. Alexandre Beauhaunais, a cad of a husband, is critical of her and has affairs. He is guillotined in the Reign of Terror leaving Josephine (named Rose at the time) a widowed mother of two, who like most aristocrats is imprisoned. She is freed after the fall of Robespierre and goes to a convent where she learns to read and re-invents herself and after which she enjoys the world of salons, the theater and romance.
Napoleon’s early life is merely sketched compared to the detail on Josephine. The first real sense you get of him is the Egyptian campaign. Here Bruce does not use euphemisms. She clearly says he deserted his army, leaving them on their own with no provisions as he goes back to France with tales of glory.
You see the courtship, the cold, rushed, civil marriage, the married life and Napoleon's consideration for his two step children. At first you see a needy Napoleon and a free spirited Josephine as a socialite wife who has lived in a house provided by Paul Barras, continued her rumored affairs and gave her heart to Hippolyte Charles. While Napoleon was waging wars in Italy, Josephine and Charles traveled together and maybe had business dealings. With Napoleon’s growing career and his treat of divorce (upon the disclosure of Josephine’s letters to Charles that fell into British hands) the tables turned and you see Josephine becoming the needy one and Napoleon having affairs and dictating more and more areas of Josephine's life.
Bruce takes you through the wars, the domestic situations and wars again. After Hippolyte Charles, an unbalanced partnership evolves. Napoleon needed Josephine’s aristocratic imprimatur, her charm, her social skills and gentle soothing nature. You read Napoleon's letters where he speaks of love to Josephine just as he bids goodbye to a lover. Josephine’s life as Empress has many advantages and even if she were disposed to defy Napoleon she had no real way out. You see Napoleon, like Henry VIII, desperate for an heir, but unlike Henry, having emotional difficulty seeking it.
Of the many highlights I particularly appreciated the stripped down treatment of the Egyptian and Italian campaigns and Napoleon’s scheming to get his generalship, scheming to become Emperor and then pouring over the ceremonial aspects of monarchy.
Throughout the book is a good portrait of Josephine. You see her enduring imprisonment and her emergence from it. You see her extensive spending, her interest in botany (building impressive gardens, introducing new seeds and varieties, getting plants from Britain through the blockade) and decorating homes and palaces. Her children are devoted to her and in the end, both she and her children remain devotied to Napoleon. Her divorce was more than paperwork. Deep in grief and hurt, she had to endure long ceremonies where her every move was watched.
New to me was Napoleon’s fixation on how the women of his court should dress. He passed judgment on hats, gowns, colors. I knew of the Polish aristocrat, Marie Walewska, but not the full story. I was unaware of the role of Paul Barras in Napoleon’s rise nor of his relationship with Josephine. Also new were the marriage negotiations with Russian Tzar Alexander and Bruce's interpretation of the Tzar’s attitude towards Napoleon.
In my 9 years on Goodreads I’ve read 5 Napoleon biographies and before that a few others. I don’t recall any of giving a firm opinion on Napoleon. Careful not to show bias authors balanced the bad with evidence of Napoleon’s common touch, his interest in science, his “Code” etc., sort of like an historical “bothsiderism”. In the recently read bios, I’ve blanched at the euphemisms, the most memorable being Napoleon leaving the troops in Egypt “without orders”, when in reality, he deserted them to get to France to boast that the miserable failed mission was a success.
Bruce does not airbrush Napoleon's propaganda (i.e. his claims that lost battles were won) his hypocrisy (spouting republican values while creating monarchies; espousing family values while having many affairs) tremendous losses (3 million soldiers and untold property loss) and his desertion of his troops (Egypt, Russia, Waterloo) in neutral terms. She tells it like it is and provides letters and diary quotes to show how this was received at the time.
This is definitely worth your time but It is not an easy read. There are many convoluted sentences that have to be ready twice for meaning. There are people and concepts mentioned in one paragraph that you need to read forward to understand (after you have backtracked to see where it might have come from.)
If you are interested in Napoleon you probably have read this by now (it is over 20 years old) but if you haven’t you will appreciate it.