Alan Goodman's Race explains the concept of race from an anthropological perspective. There is discussion of how race is not real as a biological concept but has become real because of a history of discrimination as a social concept. Race, we learn, is a concept about as old as the Age of Discovery, roughly since the 16th century, when Europeans could explore great distances by sea and witness so many cultural differences and differences in skin pigment, as was evident to the Spanish vis-a-vis the Native Americans. Before then, there was a kind of racism, but not racism in the modern sense. It was a racism in the sense that it involved a feeling of superiority among one group in view of another, as when the Greeks viewed themselves as civilized and the rest of the world as full of barbarians. But the distinction was not based upon skin color.
The modern view of race as based on skin color or other biological features is challenged in the book. I was surprised to discover, for example, that the association of sickle cell anemia with the African American community has very little to do with some essential properties of African Americans and very much to do with regional ancestry. People born in North Africa and parts of the Middle East all suffer from sickle cell anemia, and it was originally an evolutionary adaptation to ward off malaria. A person does not have to be Black to have sickle cell anemia.
Race as a social concept is very real in that longstanding class distinctions based upon skin color and regional or national differences have persisted for at least 500 years. And policies of discrimination based upon these superficial differences have persisted as well. Hence it makes sense for people to continue to talk about combating racism and creating affirmative action policies to rectify the long history of this discrimination.