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615 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1995
Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angels' hierarchies?In Ahead of All Parting, Mitchell ingeniously annotates the poems with explications from Rilke's voluminous correspondence—I'm reminded of a friend's anecdote about a philosophy seminar whose method was to explain any given passage of Kant with another quotation from Kant—and Rilke duly explains, in a 1925 letter to his Polish translator,
and even if one of them pressed me suddenly against his heart:
I would be consumed in that overwhelming existence.
For beauty is nothing but the beginning of terror, which we are still just able to endure,
and we are so awed because it serenely disdains to annihilate us.
Every angel is terrifying.
It is our task to imprint this temporary perishable earth into ourselves so deeply, so painfully and passionately, that its essence can rise again, "invisibly," inside us. We are the bees of the invisible. We wildly collect the honey of the visible, to store it in the great golden hive of the invisible. […] The angel of the Elegies is that creature in whom the transformation of the visible into the invisible, which we are accomplishing, already appears in its completion…The angel, then, is an image of future humanity, a humanity that has redeemed itself and its earth by transfiguring natural transience into the permanence of art—what Rilke's fellow modernist occultist poet Yeats called "the artifice of eternity." Many modern ideas draw together here. Concepts we tend to segregate as belonging to different domains and different ideologies show themselves intimate in the figure of Rilke's angel: not only aestheticism's severance of art from life, its insistence that the beautiful is in its essence "against nature," but also the relocation of Platonic or Christian transcendence into the immanent, as we find it in Hegel and Marx, the consummation of the historical process in an apocalyptic final this-worldly birth of a "new man." But Rilke's angel, like Benjamin's, is a somber modernist messenger, not so confident in 19th-century ideals of merely temporal and material progress, as the Seventh Elegy, with its intimations of Heidegger, discloses:
Nowhere, Beloved, will the world be but within us. Our lifeTechnology travesties art: it is a human artifice that battens on nature and drives out the material monuments of human culture. Yet technology serves art, too, by exiling culture deeper and deeper inside ourselves to be reborn as spirit. Cultural conservatives nowhere seem more persuasive to me than when they lament the decline of architecture, yet I've often thought that with the spread of literacy and mass communications, material public infrastructure has less need to be beautiful since we all carry a cathedral now in our heads. The Elegies' "thesis" reaches its climax in the Ninth, where Rilke elaborates at length the "mission" to pay attention to the world enjoined in the First Elegy:
passes in transformation. And the external shrinks into less and less. Where once an enduring house was,
now a cerebral structure crosses our path, completely
belonging to the realm of concepts, as though it still stood in the brain.
Our age has built itself vast reservoirs of power,
formless as the straining energy that it wrests from the earth.
Temples are no longer known. It is we who secretly save up
these extravagances of the heart. Where one of them still survives,
a Thing that was formerly prayed to, worshipped, knelt before—
just as it is, it passes into the invisible world.
Many no longer perceive it, yet miss the chance
to build it insidethemselves now, with pillars and statues: greater.
Perhaps we are here in order to say: house,Despite the magnificent command ringing in our ears ("Speak and bear witness") we might notice some incongruities. (If it's not ambiguous, is it really poetry?) First, if the angel, as we've already established, was once ourselves and therefore has himself already transformed the visible into the invisible, then what need has he to hear of our "Things"? Hasn't he heard of them and, as it were, vaporized them already? Does our poet concede some fault in the invisible world, some angelic deficit, in the commissioning of the poet to work with worldly materials only?
bridge, fountain, gate, pitcher, fruit-tree, window—
at most: column, tower… But to say them, you must understand,
oh to say them more intensely than the Things themselves
ever dreamed of existing.
[…]
Here is the time for the sayable, here is its homeland.
Speak and bear witness.
[…]
Praise this world to the angel, not the unsayable one,
you can’t impress him with glorious emotion; in the universe
where he feels more powerfully, you are a novice. So show him
something simple which, formed over generations,
lives as our own, near our hand and within our gaze.
Tell him of Things.
But a tower was great, wasn't it? Oh Angel, it was—Which brings us to our second incongruity, this one performative: hasn't our poet spent almost the entirety of the Elegies at the verge of the unsayable, just as inspiration struck him on "the dreadful summit of the cliff / That beetles o'er his base into the sea"? We've heard a great deal more about angels and other invisibilia than about the things of this world. The incongruities are incongruous, then, even with one another: the poet prefers earth to heaven in theory but sings of heaven and not earth in practice.
even when placed beside you? Chartres was great—, and music
reached still higher and passed far beyond us. But even
a woman in love—, oh alone at night by her window…
didn't she reach your knee—?
with all its eyes the natural world looks outIf the angel has transcended the visible to live in the invisible, the animal has no need to, since the animal was blessedly born before, not after, mundane human consciousness.
into the Open. Only our eyes are turned
backward and surround plant, animal, child
like traps as they emerge into their freedom.
[…]
And we: spectators, always, everywhere,
turned toward the world of objects, never outward.
It fills us. We arrange it. It breaks down.
We rearrange it, then break down ourselves.