I wonder how many people know about Emily Hobhouse. She was certainly not someone I heard of in school and still remains little known in this country. During her lifetime she was often reviled in England by the press and politicians. Her first years were unremarkable and until she was 34 she cared for her father. He died in 1894. Following a brief and unsuccessful romance she became involved in the movement for peace following the outbreak of the Boer War. She learnt of the policies of the government which were causing distress to the civilian population. What the army was doing was using a scorched earth policy, destroying farms and villages and putting the residents into camps: these came to be known as concentration camps. Another great British invention! Hobhouse was the first to highlight how appalling they were. Deaths in the camps are estimated at over fifty thousand.
In 1900, having helped to raise money to relieve distress, Hobhouse went to South Africa to have a look for herself. She had relatives in the Liberal Party and had managed to get permission to visit. Once there she had to get permission to visit the camps from Lord Kitchener who was in charge. He reluctantly agreed to allow her to visit a limited number of camps (a decision he came to regret).
The conditions she found were appalling:
“In some camps, two, and even three sets of people, occupy one tent and 10, and even 12, persons are frequently herded together in tents of which the cubic capacity is about 500 c.f.
I call this camp system a wholesale cruelty… To keep these Camps going is murder to the children.
It can never be wiped out of the memories of the people. It presses hardest on the children. They droop in the terrible heat, and with the insufficient unsuitable food; whatever you do, whatever the authorities do, and they are, I believe, doing their best with very limited means, it is all only a miserable patch on a great ill.
Some people in town still assert that the Camp is a haven of bliss. I was at the camp to-day, and just in one little corner this is the sort of thing I found – The nurse, underfed and overworked, just sinking on to her bed, hardly able to hold herself up, after coping with some thirty typhoid and other patients, with only the untrained help of two Boer girls–cooking as well as nursing to do herself. Next tent, a six months' baby gasping its life out on is mother's knee. Two or three others drooping sick in that tent.
Next, a girl of twenty-one lay dying on a stretcher. The father, a big, gentle Boer kneeling beside her; while, next tent, his wife was watching a child of six, also dying, and one of about five drooping. Already this couple had lost three children in the hospital and so would not let these go, though I begged hard to take them out of the hot tent. I can't describe what it is to see these children lying about in a state of collapse. It’s just exactly like faded flowers thrown away. And one has to stand and look on at such misery, and be able to do almost nothing.
It was a splendid child and it dwindled to skin and bone ... The baby had got so weak it was past recovery. We tried what we could but today it died. It was only 3 months but such a sweet little thing… It was still alive this morning; when I called in the afternoon they beckoned me in to see the tiny thing laid out, with a white flower in its wee hand. To me it seemed a "murdered innocent". And an hour or two after another child died. Another child had died in the night, and I found all three little corpses being photographed for the absent fathers to see some day.”
Hygiene was poor, people were starving and disease was rampant. Hobhouse was shocked and angry and vowed to do something about it. She made a nuisance of herself to try to improve conditions. There were camps for different races and she visited at least one of those. Death rates were high in them all and she reported back to the British authorities with limited success. On her return to Britain she wrote, harried politicians and spoke at public meetings. She received some support in Liberal circles but mostly the press were very critical as were much of the public and the government. She was thought unpatriotic and anti-British. However the government couldn’t entirely ignore her and appointed a commission to investigate. Hobhouse tried to return to South Africa in 1901, but was promptly deported when she arrived. After the war she did go back to organise relief work, setting up charities to provide oxen and ploughs for farmers and training skills for women.
As time went on Hobhouse began to become more distanced from some of her South African friends, especially those in government as they began to consider segregationist policies then years later turned into Apartheid, although Hobhouse has always been more celebrated and commemorated in South Africa. She met Gandhi in 1913. He wrote to her
“It was during the Boer war that I came to admire your selfless devotion to Truth, and I have often felt how nice it would be if the Indian cause could plead before you for admission”
During the First World War Hobhouse was defiantly pacifist, falling out with some of her suffragist friends who supported the war. During the war she even travelled to Germany (via Switzerland and without permission) to see their prison camps and to see if there was a chance of peace talks. The British government were not impressed and the press accused her of treason. She had left the Liberals by now and was very much a socialist. After the war she went to Germany (Leipzig) to campaign for support and relief for those left destitute by the war, campaigning in her usual fashion.
Hobhouse is well remembered and respected in South Africa and in parts of Germany and pretty much forgotten in Britain.
This is a competent and well researched biography of a woman who was frequently a thorn in the side of the male establishment