A light overview of the history of voting in the US, from the Revolution to the 2018 mid-terms. The simple illustration does little to amplify the history, but it does break up the text and adds color and feeling to what otherwise reads as a dry academic treatise.
It really doesn't have much to say beyond Your vote matters, look at how hard your forebears fought for it, don't take it for granted. But there is value in collecting those relevant pieces of American history, especially the bits that have been short shrifted in textbooks. Those who don't learn from history...
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Topics covered:
Articles of Confederation.--Originally the runner-up presidential candidate became VP, to disastrous effect, until the 12th Amendment passed in 1804. The Electoral College was created to keep "uneducated" citizens from voting directly, and electoral votes were artificially increased for slave states (recall the 3/5 Connecticut Compromise) to get the slave states' consent because unanimity was required. The Senate was also created explicitly to appease slave states.
Reconstruction led to an initial influx of black Congressmen in southern states. The South being the South, groups like the White League, the Red Shirts, and the Redeemers rose up to punish blacks who tried to vote. They were successful enough to barely tip the popular vote in Samuel Tilden's favor in 1876, but a bipartisan Election Commission handed the win to Rutherford B Hayes due to the brazen voter suppression. Hayes is believed to have cut a deal to end Reconstruction in return for the South not contesting his ascent. The federal government departed the South, state constitutions were re-written to legalize segregation, and a century of Jim Crow voter suppression began.
The "big tent" nature of the Democrat party--Postbellum immigration surged in the North. Various immigrant groups worked in factories owned by wealthy Republicans and tended to vote as a bloc. Hence they were recruited by powerful Democrat political machines such as Tammany Hall. The Democrat party thus found itself comprised of numerous disparate factions.
Suffrage--Women's suffrage and black suffrage made for an obvious alliance but the partnership was messy. The 15th Amendment (granting men of all races the right to vote) passed in 1870; fully 50 years would go by before women received the same right in the 19th Amendment. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony broke with black women leaders like Sojourner Truth and Ida B. Wells over whether to support the 15th Amendment. Note: In New Jersey, women could vote up until 1807, when the state legislature stripped them of that right.
Jim Crow. Segregation. "Separate but Equal." Subjective literacy tests. Poll taxes. The "grandfathering in" of (white people) those whose grandfathers had voted before a certain date; they were exempted from tests and taxes. The effects of these voter suppression laws were marked: despite being about 1/3 black, Confederate states sent zero black representatives to Congress from 1901 to the '70s. Voter suppression laws work.
"White primaries"--Because parties control their own primaries, the southern Democrats didn't have to hide behind literacy tests, poll taxes, or voter ID laws to exclude black candidates...they simply had a no-blacks rule.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 enacted tremendous protections to black voting rights in Confederate states. And the Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965, to immense effect: in Mississippi, black turnout was 6% in '64 and 59% in '68. The Voting Rights Act worked.
"Election integrity" laws rose up under Bush II as a strategy to disproportionately suppress Democrat voters. The 2013 Shelby County v. Holder Supreme Court decision gutted the Voting Rights Act, and a surge of voter suppression laws immediately followed in red states across the South.
Recent elections--The last chapter lightly reviews the 2016 and '18 elections, the interference by Russia and embrace of same by half the country, the accusations of DNC interference in Bernie Sanders's candidacy, and the brazenly baseless claims of voter fraud saturating the right.
The last really positive step for American democracy occurred almost sixty years ago followed by decades of erosion, but
Drawing the Vote
still manages to strike a hopeful tone in closing. Americans beat seemingly insurmountable odds before; they have the capability to do so again. (I'm more skeptical but one can dream.)