Since the new movie version of Anna Karenina came out (I didn't see it), I've been thinking about Russian literature. Of all Russian writers, I love Chekhov the most but know very little about his life other than he was a poor country doctor who died much before he should have - of tuberculosis, I think. Anyway I decided to read a biography of Chekhov. Through some error in on-line ordering, I got Henri Troyat's biography of Turgenev instead. But I decided to keep it and read it even though I've only read one novel by Turgenev, "Fathers & Sons," and that when I was an undergraduate and I don't remember liking it much. That he was a nihilist was about the extent of my memory of him.
Troyat is the perfect biographer for Turgenev. Like Turgenev, he had his feet planted firmly in both Russian and French culture and, it turns out, this is crucial to understanding Turgenev. Troyat enlightens. Turgenev lived in a time of immense cultural, social, and political change in Russia and fierce struggles by Russian intellectuals about being international and/or pro-Western in outlook vs being pro-Slavic. Turgenev
was an internationalist and, although he was Russian to the core, his Russian writer colleagues and the Russian press had a love-hate relationship with Turgenev when they thought his views were not Russian enough. Dostoevsky, in particular among the great literary figures of the time, berated and belittled Turgenev for not being sufficiently and solely Russian in outlook.
For his part, Turgenev had little respect for Dostoevsky. He disliked his unkempt appearance and his psychological rantings. And this dislike reveals another key to Turgenev's personality and his writing. He was a handsome man, stylish, meticulously turned out, and always a gentleman. He abhorred bad manners and emotional excesses. He was hailed as a stylist but often criticized for the lack of emotional depth in his fiction. The same went for his involvement in Russia's political upheavals. Although Turgenev was a wealthy landowner and had many serfs, he was sympathetic to their emancipation and, in fact, treated his serfs well and granted them their freedom before the official emancipation. He advocated for their cause but despised rioting. The young revolutionaries too had a love-hate relationship with Turgenev. He would never be a revolutionary. Real change, he thought, had to come from the top down. He was too mild. Too well-bred. Tsar Alexander II apparently told Turgenev that his book, "Memoirs of a Sportsman," was very influential in his decision to emancipate the serfs.
His relationship with Tolstoy was complex. They admired each other's talent but couldn't get along personally despite many attempts. In Troyat's telling, Tolstoy comes off as being the most to blame and quite petty. Turgenev and Flaubert were great friends and he was an admirer of Maupassant but didn't have much regard for Victor Hugo and especially not for "Les Miserables," a fake, he thought.
Perhaps the other large insight that Troyat gives us into Turgenev is his relationship with women. That seems to have been influenced by his relationship with his domineering mother and by his fear of emotional excess. He preferred to fall in love with the unattainable. These relationships (two in particular) are well chronicled by Troyat and are, in truth, a little bit creepy. Slavish adoration of the unattainable seems a bit creepy to me. Not that Turgenev was ever untoward (heaven forbid!) nor that he didn't get a lot of devotion in return.
Besides key insights into Turgenev's life and times, Troyat also summarizes Turgenev's major works and the critical reaction to them. I came to a much better understanding and appreciation of Turgenev. I still want to read about Chekhov though.