André Gervais suggested: the artist who said 'There is no solution because there is no problem' would not accept Pataphysics-- which is, as Jarry said, the 'science of imaginary solutions'-- at face value. However, the "science of imaginary solutions" is an incomplete definition. The full definition, of course, reads: "Pataphysics is the science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments." The word 'pataphysics' was invented by schoolboys in Rennes in the late 1880s and is most strongly identified with one of their own: the poet and playwright Alfred Jarry (1873-1907). It is generally agreed that it lies around the roots of many of the key artistic and cultural developments of the twentieth century, including absurdism, Dada, futurism, surrealism, situationism, and others. The fact that relatively few people are aware of its existence is part of the secret of its success. It has never fully become either a "movement" or a "philosophy," even though at times it seems to share some characteristics of both. It has managed to permeate both culture and society, but in ways which are somewhat shadowy. How could the ravings of an inebriated Absinthe-obsessed nineteenth-century French poet have penetrated the collective consciousness to such an extent? "'Pataphysics: A Useless Guide" is the first to explain exactly why pataphysics is such an earnest affair. It is certainly serious, but in its seriousness is its humor. As with everything else in pataphysics, it is full of contradictions.
For some, pataphysics is an ultimate spoof, a schoolboy prank, a raucous piece of nonsense; for others it is certainly an attitude of mind, a WAY OF LIFE, a discipline, a doctrine, a deeply ironic religion, even. It is profoundly useless or, as pataphysicians prefer to say, inutilious, but nevertheless manages to inform and infect the world. For "to understand pataphysics is to fail to understand pataphysics." But we can say that pataphysics is subjective, privileging the particular above the general, the imaginary above the real, the exceptional above the ordinary, the contradictory above the axiomatic. It's purpose is, of course, precisely to lead the mind to a state of heightened pataphysical awareness.
The twenty-first century has seen a rapidly growing awareness of the presence of pataphysics in the world. This has resulted to a great extent from the dis occultation of the Collège de 'Pataphysique, an event which at the time seemed to be of almost negligible significance, except to a few (mainly French) intellectuals, whose wider impact is only now beginning to be perceived. The Collège de 'Pataphysique itself was founded in the years immediately following World War II, as a somewhat humorous antidote to the prevailing philosophical orthodoxies in Paris: existentialism, late surrealism, Marxism- Leninism, and so on. The Collège was driven by the energies of certain movements in art and philosophy between the wars, such as Dada or surrealism, and founded on the ideas and writings, exploits and opinions, of Alfred Jarry. He in turn was influenced by a host of contemporaries and predecessors.
The Collège continues to flourish this day, under the leadership of its fourth Vice-Curator, His Magnificence Lutembi, who had effectively been chosen by his predecessor Opach in 1978, when he stipulated in a message to the Serenissimus Opitulator-General that his successor should be "neither a human being, nor French." Lutembi is in fact an African crocodile, and it is more correct to say Her Magnificence since it has recently been reported in a Collège journal that she in fact female. "The spiral is the primary symbol of pataphysics and has become a badge of the Collège, with a complicated hierarchy of colors and sizes designating rank within the organization." Unsurprisingly, the Collège has made a special study of the forms of spirals, has adopted its own 'Perpetual Pataphysical Calendar' which sets out an alternative system of time, and the Collège even has it's own pataphysical anthem, "Chanson du decervelage" (Debraining Song), from where else but Ubu Roi. The Collège could in fact appear to be a kind of secret society; the secrecy of this secret society was as much an imaginary solution as anything else in pataphysics. Transcendental Satraps of the Collège (a sort of pataphysical Saint) over the years have included: Max Ernst, Man Ray, Raymond Queneau, Jacques Prevert, Pascal Pia, Rene Clair, the Marx Brothers, and Joan Miro.
Given that the list of members contains some of the most ruggedly individualistic names in the arts, cinema, and literature, it is clear that the Collège offered to its adherents that other groups could not. There is much evidence that Paris in the postwar years was desperately seeking to rediscover its artistic, literary, and philosophical soul. The reinvention of a Dada spirit of nihilism, which had so well captured the sense of futility of World War I, seemed dangerously trivial at this time. Likewise, the seances and dream-inspired themes of surrealism ran the risk of self-indulgence or irrelevancy. The Collège de 'Pataphysique
offered a refreshingly transcendent alternative. It's posture as a nonpartisan home of quiet scholarship and reflection nuanced with pataphysical humor gave it a pleasing subversive flavor: heretical within a heretical position. The internal publications of the Collège were distributed in a range of formats and typographies of which each volume was shaped differently. For example, Petit Théâtre by Rene Daumal and Roger Gilbert-Lecomte, was to be opened only when wearing pigskin gloves; and the Monologue by Jean Ferry, typeset to be read while lying down. At times they feel like parish magazines in their intimacy and exhortations, at others they seem to transcend the parochial and acquire the status of the best philosophy. Taken as a whole, they represent an indispensable collection of literary and critical documents still active to this day.
Many of the leading European figures in pataphysics in the postwar years were visual artists: painters, sculptors, cartoonists, photographers, and cinematographers. Following the fascination of painters since Bonnard, Rouault, and Picasso with the monstrous figure of Ubu, many of them had been drawn to surrealism in the 1920s and 1930s. The antibourgeois, scandalous nature of Ubu became a rallying point for the surrealist revolution. However, the full horror of the prophetic nature of Jarry's vision of an ultimate dictator had become all too real during World War II. From 1945 onward, Ubu seemed to reaffirm the essential truth of an absurd irrationality at whose whim many European citizens lived or died. This was apparently something which artists such as Max Ernst, Joan Miro, Marcel Duchamp, and Man Ray had directly experienced in their own lives. At this point, the surrealist revolution was unwinding and Andre Breton's increasingly "dictatorial" role as the 'Pope' of surrealism unfortunately seemed to have become Ubuesque for some. The efforts of surrealism to overturn bourgeois society had plainly disintegrated, and this, combined with the surrealists' interest in Stalin and/or their drift into mysticism, tended to drive many former adherents towards the Collège de Pataphysique. At the same time, a new generation of artists in Paris began to pick up on the pataphysical spirit...
Dada, surrealism, futurism, and the artistic avant-garde in general acknowledged the importance of Jarry's creation, doubtless encouraged by the efforts of the world to confirm the accuracy of his savage vision through its two great wars. On the other hand, a much less visible and generally us acknowledged pataphysics made its presence felt both in the artistic world and, to a certain extent, in the wider society. This pataphysics was the one identified in many of Jarry's other writings, which were little known beyond Parisian literary circles. There were pataphysicians who consciously adopted pataphysical ideas and applied them in their work to a greater or lesser extent. However, it should be noted that the word "pataphysics" itself was infrequently used even by these individuals. In some ways, these individuals were even more important than the avant-gardists, because they demonstrated the existence of pataphysics without the word itself. Both Paris and the idea of Paris were the hubs of pataphysics during this period. The imaginary Paris was particularly important for those artists, thinkers, and pataphysicians who were displaced by the war, an idea summed up in Marchel Duchamp's ready-made, Air de Paris.
Jarry's legacy was interpreted in various ways by different groups and individuals, each claiming him as a precursor. Had it not been for a handful of people who carefully tried to balance the rest of pataphysics with the enormous mass of Ubu, Jarry would have survived simply as the creator of that singular character and nothing more. There have been many accounts of the life of Jarry, beginning with those of his contemporaries, however embarking on the various facts and anecdotes that have made Jarry's life so famous, it is worth recollecting that the great majority of his time was spent reading, writing, and making art. This was a man who devoted his entire short existence to the creation of original work and the forging of a literary career, regardless of the personal consequences of health and wealth. Andrew Hugill's "'Pataphysics: A Useless Guide" certainly isn't a detailed account of the life of Alfred Jarry, as that is for the Jarry biography. The many colorful stories about Jarry tend to give the impression that he was some kind of experiment in living-as-art. It is certainly true that making life "beautiful like literature" was one of his goals, however. "Life and exploits [...] are more beautiful than Thought [...] Let us then Live, and we shall be the Masters," he declared in his essay "To Be and to Live" (1894).
Jarry's various 'incidents' have become legendary. Whether it was his open homosexuality, or his adopted mode of speech and behavior that resembled Ubu: referring to himself using the royal "we," moving like a marionette; his famously prodigious ability to consume alcohol (Absinthe most particularly); or turning up at the opera wearing a paper shirt with a black tie painted on it; eating a meal in reverse, beginning with the brandy and ending with the soup; wearing yellow high heels with filthy cycling shorts to Mallarme's funeral; challenging his friends to eat nothing but gherkins soaking in Absinthe until the first one changed color and was sick; engaging in target practice against a neighbor's house until the woman pleaded with him to stop in case he killed one of her children, then replying: "Should that happen, Ma-da-me, I would be happy to make some more with you"; or painting himself entirely green in honor of Absinthe. Despite these myths, most of them are practical jokes. The simultaneous existence of opposites that characterizes pataphysics itself is also present in the fluctuating stunts of these stories. They also give rise to the notion of pataphysics AS A WAY OF LIFE, rather than just a set of literary pursuits.
As Breton observed, "We can say that after Jarry, much more than after Wilde, the distinction between art and life, long considered necessary, found itself challenged and wound up being annihilated in principle". Two individuals who illustrated this principle of 'pataphysics as a way of life' and became models of the spirit were Arthur Craven and Jacques Vache. Not enough can be said about the importance of Vache to both Dada and Pataphysics. Vache, whom Breton described as "Dada before Dada, Dada in all it's purity, without compromise and without concessions to any snobbery". Cravan's mysterious disappearance in 1918 when sailing from Mexico to Argentina, and Vache's death in 1919 from an overdose of opium, did much to seal their reputations as livers of 'la vie imaginaire'. Both men seem to have treated their lives as an experiment in living, an experiment driven not so much by a traditional scientific spirit of inquiry, but more by an overwhelming subjectivity that produced an indifference both to themselves and to the material world. Escapism, whether from oneself or from the banalities of daily existence, does seem to be a feature of pataphysics. But we should be cautious here, for pataphysics cannot simply be some kind of escapist dream. The point is that Craven and Vache lived exceptional lives which had little in common with the experiences of a typical drunkard or suicide, or even the mode rock star who lives fast and dies young. A life is not more pataphysical because it contains drugs or fantasy or delusion. They key to the pataphysical life lies in the apostrophe that proceeds the world 'pataphysics. After all, "Jarry got into this thing called 'Pataphysics, which is sort of French joke science."