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Энергия и цивилизация
Преобразование энергии в свет, движение и тепло стали залогом нашего культурного и экономического прогресса. Вацлав Смил, заслуженный профессор факультета охраны окружающей среды и специалист в области энергетики, экономики и истории подробно объясняет, как энергия формировала общество на протяжении всей истории. От охотничье-собирательского уклада жизни до современной цивилизации.
480 pages, Hardcover
First published May 12, 2017
2422 people are currently reading
27485 people want to read
About the author
Vaclav Smil
81 books4,349 followersVaclav Smil is a Czech-Canadian scientist and policy analyst whose work spans energy, environment, food, population, economics, history, and public policy. Educated at Charles University in Prague and later at Pennsylvania State University, where he earned his Ph.D. in geography, Smil emigrated from Czechoslovakia to the United States in 1969 following the Soviet invasion, before beginning his long academic career at the University of Manitoba in 1972. Over the decades he established himself as a leading voice on global energy systems, environmental change, and economic development, with particular attention to China. Smil has consistently argued that transitions to renewable energy will be gradual rather than rapid, emphasizing the persistence of coal, oil, and natural gas and highlighting the difficulties of decarbonizing critical industries such as steel, cement, ammonia, and plastics. He has also been skeptical of indefinite economic growth, suggesting that human consumption could be sustained at much lower levels of material and energy use. Widely admired for his clear, data-driven analyses, Smil counts Bill Gates among his readers, while colleagues have praised his rigor and independence. Known for his reclusiveness and preference for letting his books speak for him, he has nonetheless lectured extensively worldwide and consulted for major institutions. A Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and a member of the Order of Canada, Smil remains a highly influential public intellectual.
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February 7, 2020
The book covers each aspect from ancient times, fire, energy in form of stored food, forging until the more modern approaches and shows how the combination of different technologies enabled us to go from the primitive beginning of fuelling ourselves with nourishment to enable us to tinkle with fusion and includes aspects of other natural sciences to form a super read.
As an interdisciplinary scientist, Vaclav draws an astonishing, metascience picture of Big History that opens up so many questions, both on possible developments, alternative developments and uchronias that depended on coincidences and how technology and resources, and not the humans, formed human history.
With renewable energy and better technology, there might come the point when an abundance could change the balance of power and it´s dynamics so that many industries won´t work anymore with business as usual, but let the revolution wait for some time. Because this amazing author tells the awful truth one more time, we can´t get out of fossil energies fast enough, it´s impossible.
But it´s not just the technological singularity, the acceleration and higher efficiency of harvesting energy, but the sweet exponential growth too. Not the machines, that can be built by any state as soon as the economic and technological circumstances allow it, but the extreme advantage of any state that has invested energy in building its infrastructure and industry hundreds of years earlier than others. That race is impossible to win if one enters it too late.
Of course, there could be brute-force attempts with primitive technology in vast scales to produce as much or even more energy than someone with advanced tech, but the uselessness and short-time thinking of wasting huge amounts of government funding in any technology with an expiration date, or even an outdated or dangerous technology, instead of investing in alternatives, improvements, innovations, and research is obvious. I mean, who would, lol, you certainly rofl know what I facepalm mean.
Because each region of the world has it´s geographical, seasonal and political advantages and disadvantages, a global power grit is one of the most attractive options in the future to be able to change to renewable energy.
We don´t really know much about alternative physics, alternate energy forms such as dark energy and dark matter, black holes, gravity, space anomalies, mirror and alternative universes with different physics, chemistry and elements, supernovas, gamma-ray bursts, unknown forms of matter, energy and elements, etc., and understanding and using those energy sources with highly advanced future tech, including self-manufacturing, grey goo, 3D printing, AI, etc. may be able to switch the balance of power in a way never possible.
Even a tiny population of just a few million that has the luck to be the home of the genius that understands or engineers may be unbeatable overnight, because all that energy can be simply used for warfare too. Or, in a closer and more realistic future, to enable everyone from a family home to a community and a state to be independent because of abundant available, alternative physical and biological energy forms. A big difference to a history in which the good or bad luck of natural resources and technological development defined the wealth and power of a nation.
That´s interesting regarding the Kardashew Scale because it shows how ridiculously less energy we are able to harvest and use and what potential lies both in the manipulation of physics and old-school collecting of power. There are fascinating concepts about how anything from suns to black holes over all kinds of stars and space anomalies could be used, farmed and created to get endless energy in scales so huge to build anything, megastructures, habitats, whole planets, the creativity, and imagination are the only limits.
It is highly specific and detailed, the book covers any aspect possible and so some skimming and scanning may be appropriate.
A wiki walk can be as refreshing to the mind as a walk through nature in this completely overrated real life outside books:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardash...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_...
As an interdisciplinary scientist, Vaclav draws an astonishing, metascience picture of Big History that opens up so many questions, both on possible developments, alternative developments and uchronias that depended on coincidences and how technology and resources, and not the humans, formed human history.
With renewable energy and better technology, there might come the point when an abundance could change the balance of power and it´s dynamics so that many industries won´t work anymore with business as usual, but let the revolution wait for some time. Because this amazing author tells the awful truth one more time, we can´t get out of fossil energies fast enough, it´s impossible.
But it´s not just the technological singularity, the acceleration and higher efficiency of harvesting energy, but the sweet exponential growth too. Not the machines, that can be built by any state as soon as the economic and technological circumstances allow it, but the extreme advantage of any state that has invested energy in building its infrastructure and industry hundreds of years earlier than others. That race is impossible to win if one enters it too late.
Of course, there could be brute-force attempts with primitive technology in vast scales to produce as much or even more energy than someone with advanced tech, but the uselessness and short-time thinking of wasting huge amounts of government funding in any technology with an expiration date, or even an outdated or dangerous technology, instead of investing in alternatives, improvements, innovations, and research is obvious. I mean, who would, lol, you certainly rofl know what I facepalm mean.
Because each region of the world has it´s geographical, seasonal and political advantages and disadvantages, a global power grit is one of the most attractive options in the future to be able to change to renewable energy.
We don´t really know much about alternative physics, alternate energy forms such as dark energy and dark matter, black holes, gravity, space anomalies, mirror and alternative universes with different physics, chemistry and elements, supernovas, gamma-ray bursts, unknown forms of matter, energy and elements, etc., and understanding and using those energy sources with highly advanced future tech, including self-manufacturing, grey goo, 3D printing, AI, etc. may be able to switch the balance of power in a way never possible.
Even a tiny population of just a few million that has the luck to be the home of the genius that understands or engineers may be unbeatable overnight, because all that energy can be simply used for warfare too. Or, in a closer and more realistic future, to enable everyone from a family home to a community and a state to be independent because of abundant available, alternative physical and biological energy forms. A big difference to a history in which the good or bad luck of natural resources and technological development defined the wealth and power of a nation.
That´s interesting regarding the Kardashew Scale because it shows how ridiculously less energy we are able to harvest and use and what potential lies both in the manipulation of physics and old-school collecting of power. There are fascinating concepts about how anything from suns to black holes over all kinds of stars and space anomalies could be used, farmed and created to get endless energy in scales so huge to build anything, megastructures, habitats, whole planets, the creativity, and imagination are the only limits.
It is highly specific and detailed, the book covers any aspect possible and so some skimming and scanning may be appropriate.
A wiki walk can be as refreshing to the mind as a walk through nature in this completely overrated real life outside books:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardash...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_...
July 27, 2018
Now that I am done reading this book, I plan to start at chapter one again. My head was filled with so much information, I am positive my brain has not yet ingested nearly the number of treasures packed in this book. Smil does not gloss over facts or tell a story in the way many historians do. In this book, you will not find the kind of sweeping histories told in the captivating way Yuval Noah Harari brings to life in his book sapiens. Smil is not that kind of story teller. Telling the story Smil has told in his book, many historians might say something like:
How did humans build civilization? By using every ounce of energy they could get their hands on. Throughout history humans have used the energy stored in horses, in slaves, and in the machines they built. They stole energy from the sun (a lot of it), gaining them a share higher than seen in any other species. Humans harvested energy from the wind and water. They mined it from holes in the ground and sent it along railroads. From the dawn of civilization, humans coupled the energy from the sun, wind, and water with the energy (ATP) from the cells that reside in all living organisms (like slave and animal muscle) to build each aspect of civilization. Using this energy, in its various and wonderful forms, humans built villages, cities, and huge warring empires. They built food systems that fed and sustained incredible amounts of humans. Using energy, they built transportation systems to create a trade system that took on a life of its own and has transformed early humans into the modern humans of today. With that energy, they brought about the industrial revolution that gave humans more resources than they had ever imagined possible.
In order to set the stage for such a revolution, humans needed to stockpile a lot of energy along the way. Before the use of slaves and before the use of animals and machines to do work, humans spent all of their time harvesting just enough energy from nature to survive. That is to say, they were foraging for food, spending their energy roaming around, eating food to gain more energy to keep roaming around for food, and so on, using all the energy gained to keep the cycle in perpetual motion. No energy was left over for innovation. No energy was left over to build the great empires and cities that would be long in the future. Everything changed once humans switched from hunter gatherer strategies to trapping all that food in a smaller space, crops on farms, they produced more energy than they needed for mere survival. It was with the advent of agriculture that our civilization, for good or for bad, really emerged.
With this rapid advancement came about moral quandaries. There simply was no way to build early civilizations without slavery. From the earliest writings, we know that the very first laws ever constructed had to do with keeping the poor doing the work of the rich (who made the laws). It was just the way of life. When humans figured out that they could harvest the energy of non-human muscle, like the muscle power in horses, they used horses, meaning fewer humans had to donate their muscle energy. Slavery decreased (this was a fascinating aspect of this book and is something I want to spend more time thinking about-- how morality arose not from consciousness but from our energy needs!!!). When machines were finally build, horse muscles (horsepower) was replaced by machine power (still called horsepower). This reduced our need to use humans and animal muscle. Interestingly, humans began to focus more on human and animal rights only once they no longer needed their muscle power to bring about the advancement of their societies.
That is how a storytelling author might have written Smil's book.
Where Smil diverges from the story telling Harari's of the world is that he will not construct a story that flows, is easy to follow, where the facts are kept to a minimum. No, you will be overloaded with facts. Smil will not merely convey that there was a transfer of horsepower from horse muscle to machine energy output. He will tell you exactly how many Watts were harvested from horses, from slaves, from machines. Smil will do this on every page, and it will undoubtedly make this book much harder to read than other books. You will not be able to just sail along sinking into the type of daydream induced when reading deeply satisfying histories as told by authors like Harari. Your brain will have to constantly work to keep track of what these figures really mean for how energy transformed human existence from the prehistoric practices of hunting down one's food and roaming the earth to feed the human body to the advances we have witnessed so far, such as agriculture, the industrial revolution, the computer revolution, and conquering space, to the projected advances for the future of our species. You will have to ingest the extremely detailed facts and then remind yourself, constantly, where you are in the sweeping narrative. However, if you can do that, you experience reward beyond anything a more superficial book could produce. Smil's facts are relentless, but my god do they really drive home his points! I knew I would be interested in how much energy humans harvested from the power of water and the water-wheel driven mills that built our early modern cities or how much power it really took to build the pyramids (a much different answer than you will find from past experts), but never thought I would be interested in exactly how much energy humans could harvest from dung or whale oil. Turns out, I am very interested.
Smil examined the costs of the energy we harvest. For example, what happens when humans harvest so much energy from fossil fuels for so many years? We drive climate change/global warming on a very large scale. These are things we need to take into consideration as we decide exactly how we humans will go about harvesting energy in the future.
While reading this, I could not help but think of one scientist from the past who would have loved, so much, to have been alive to read this book. In 1944, Schrödinger asked, "What Is Life?". He answered that question by suggesting that life occurred when something went on resisting entropy longer than expected. That is, an organism is exceptional at creating a pocket of space in which energy is ingested and cycled. Schrödinger would have loved to have had access to Smil's data. Smil could have informed Schrödinger exactly how living organisms went about ingesting the energy from the sun or from the hot core of earth and how exactly those organisms went about cycling that energy. The entire reason I want to reread this book is to think deeply about how every single organism, from the first cells without mitochondria to the more advanced cells that captured it, from the first plants to boney fish, from tiktaalik to tree shrews to us and to Earth itself -- how each organism ingested, harvested, and repacked energy so that it could keep going on longer than expected. I don't just want to know that it did. I want to know exactly *how* it did.
Thank you Smil for this challenging, insightful, and exquisite book.
How did humans build civilization? By using every ounce of energy they could get their hands on. Throughout history humans have used the energy stored in horses, in slaves, and in the machines they built. They stole energy from the sun (a lot of it), gaining them a share higher than seen in any other species. Humans harvested energy from the wind and water. They mined it from holes in the ground and sent it along railroads. From the dawn of civilization, humans coupled the energy from the sun, wind, and water with the energy (ATP) from the cells that reside in all living organisms (like slave and animal muscle) to build each aspect of civilization. Using this energy, in its various and wonderful forms, humans built villages, cities, and huge warring empires. They built food systems that fed and sustained incredible amounts of humans. Using energy, they built transportation systems to create a trade system that took on a life of its own and has transformed early humans into the modern humans of today. With that energy, they brought about the industrial revolution that gave humans more resources than they had ever imagined possible.
In order to set the stage for such a revolution, humans needed to stockpile a lot of energy along the way. Before the use of slaves and before the use of animals and machines to do work, humans spent all of their time harvesting just enough energy from nature to survive. That is to say, they were foraging for food, spending their energy roaming around, eating food to gain more energy to keep roaming around for food, and so on, using all the energy gained to keep the cycle in perpetual motion. No energy was left over for innovation. No energy was left over to build the great empires and cities that would be long in the future. Everything changed once humans switched from hunter gatherer strategies to trapping all that food in a smaller space, crops on farms, they produced more energy than they needed for mere survival. It was with the advent of agriculture that our civilization, for good or for bad, really emerged.
With this rapid advancement came about moral quandaries. There simply was no way to build early civilizations without slavery. From the earliest writings, we know that the very first laws ever constructed had to do with keeping the poor doing the work of the rich (who made the laws). It was just the way of life. When humans figured out that they could harvest the energy of non-human muscle, like the muscle power in horses, they used horses, meaning fewer humans had to donate their muscle energy. Slavery decreased (this was a fascinating aspect of this book and is something I want to spend more time thinking about-- how morality arose not from consciousness but from our energy needs!!!). When machines were finally build, horse muscles (horsepower) was replaced by machine power (still called horsepower). This reduced our need to use humans and animal muscle. Interestingly, humans began to focus more on human and animal rights only once they no longer needed their muscle power to bring about the advancement of their societies.
That is how a storytelling author might have written Smil's book.
Where Smil diverges from the story telling Harari's of the world is that he will not construct a story that flows, is easy to follow, where the facts are kept to a minimum. No, you will be overloaded with facts. Smil will not merely convey that there was a transfer of horsepower from horse muscle to machine energy output. He will tell you exactly how many Watts were harvested from horses, from slaves, from machines. Smil will do this on every page, and it will undoubtedly make this book much harder to read than other books. You will not be able to just sail along sinking into the type of daydream induced when reading deeply satisfying histories as told by authors like Harari. Your brain will have to constantly work to keep track of what these figures really mean for how energy transformed human existence from the prehistoric practices of hunting down one's food and roaming the earth to feed the human body to the advances we have witnessed so far, such as agriculture, the industrial revolution, the computer revolution, and conquering space, to the projected advances for the future of our species. You will have to ingest the extremely detailed facts and then remind yourself, constantly, where you are in the sweeping narrative. However, if you can do that, you experience reward beyond anything a more superficial book could produce. Smil's facts are relentless, but my god do they really drive home his points! I knew I would be interested in how much energy humans harvested from the power of water and the water-wheel driven mills that built our early modern cities or how much power it really took to build the pyramids (a much different answer than you will find from past experts), but never thought I would be interested in exactly how much energy humans could harvest from dung or whale oil. Turns out, I am very interested.
Smil examined the costs of the energy we harvest. For example, what happens when humans harvest so much energy from fossil fuels for so many years? We drive climate change/global warming on a very large scale. These are things we need to take into consideration as we decide exactly how we humans will go about harvesting energy in the future.
While reading this, I could not help but think of one scientist from the past who would have loved, so much, to have been alive to read this book. In 1944, Schrödinger asked, "What Is Life?". He answered that question by suggesting that life occurred when something went on resisting entropy longer than expected. That is, an organism is exceptional at creating a pocket of space in which energy is ingested and cycled. Schrödinger would have loved to have had access to Smil's data. Smil could have informed Schrödinger exactly how living organisms went about ingesting the energy from the sun or from the hot core of earth and how exactly those organisms went about cycling that energy. The entire reason I want to reread this book is to think deeply about how every single organism, from the first cells without mitochondria to the more advanced cells that captured it, from the first plants to boney fish, from tiktaalik to tree shrews to us and to Earth itself -- how each organism ingested, harvested, and repacked energy so that it could keep going on longer than expected. I don't just want to know that it did. I want to know exactly *how* it did.
Thank you Smil for this challenging, insightful, and exquisite book.
August 14, 2017
Energy transitions take time. That's the big takeaway. That's the terrifying takeaway. This should be obvious if you sit down and think about it, but when we describe our economic history with phrases like "agricultural revolution" and "industrial revolution" we start getting ahead of ourselves. These revolutions took millennia and centuries.
And we only have decades before our planet burns. What revolution can we expect?
Smil shies away from those that would try to paint every with the brush of energy- art? war? politics? These are largely independent a civilization's energy usage. Yet, its energy usage and its economy might as well be one and the same. As energy is fed into a civilization, like a rainforest basking in the tropics, the kind of life inside diversifies, extends, and mutates to reach the limits that physics will allow.
The biggest invention in the history of humanity was the slow transition from using wood energy to using coal, oil, and gas. This transition increased the amount of energy available to any individual in the developed world by many magnitudes access to energy. This powered the economic growth following the world wars, and until the 1970s, the efficiencies of American produced cars were going down due to the cheapness of oil.
Of course, it is in the 1970s when economic growth in the developed world went from a joy ride to a car stuck in traffic. The reason: energy prices rose.
We now face an ecological problem brought on by our energy use, that threatens the economy that our energy use props up. There are two broad categories of solution: (1) limit our energy usage and (2) change our energy use.
Smil does not have much faith in the latter: over the course of the last fifty, or even fifteen, years the piece of the energy pie inhabited by renewables has hardly changed. To truly save much of civilization, we must get that number -15%- to near 100% within a few decades. We've never done that before is Smil's strongest argument.
But I would argue that this transition is different. For one, we know we have to make the change. The King of England wasn't telling Watt to invent a steam engine. No priest ever told the hunters and gathers to start domesticating animals. The Green Energy revolution, if we are to have one, is a planned revolution started from the bottom and the top.
Limiting our energy usage is obvious, but more contentious. We have to stop driving so many cars? Eat less meat? Stop building cheaply built McMansions with no insulation? These seem to be an affront to people's basic liberties, and yet every time they make these choices they help dig us a little bit deeper into carbon debt.
Smil's history is broad and deep. It reaches into the tiny fragments of Roman, Chinese and prehistory that you didn't know where out there. It discusses the differences between whether an ox or a horse are best on a farm, and what their energy efficiencies are relative to one another. He uses sharp illustrations makes clear that two 747 pilots control more energy than entire medieval communities would have had at their disposal.
Most of all, he provides the context for understanding today's economic and ecological problems that have resulted from our historical use of energy.
And we only have decades before our planet burns. What revolution can we expect?
Smil shies away from those that would try to paint every with the brush of energy- art? war? politics? These are largely independent a civilization's energy usage. Yet, its energy usage and its economy might as well be one and the same. As energy is fed into a civilization, like a rainforest basking in the tropics, the kind of life inside diversifies, extends, and mutates to reach the limits that physics will allow.
The biggest invention in the history of humanity was the slow transition from using wood energy to using coal, oil, and gas. This transition increased the amount of energy available to any individual in the developed world by many magnitudes access to energy. This powered the economic growth following the world wars, and until the 1970s, the efficiencies of American produced cars were going down due to the cheapness of oil.
Of course, it is in the 1970s when economic growth in the developed world went from a joy ride to a car stuck in traffic. The reason: energy prices rose.
We now face an ecological problem brought on by our energy use, that threatens the economy that our energy use props up. There are two broad categories of solution: (1) limit our energy usage and (2) change our energy use.
Smil does not have much faith in the latter: over the course of the last fifty, or even fifteen, years the piece of the energy pie inhabited by renewables has hardly changed. To truly save much of civilization, we must get that number -15%- to near 100% within a few decades. We've never done that before is Smil's strongest argument.
But I would argue that this transition is different. For one, we know we have to make the change. The King of England wasn't telling Watt to invent a steam engine. No priest ever told the hunters and gathers to start domesticating animals. The Green Energy revolution, if we are to have one, is a planned revolution started from the bottom and the top.
Limiting our energy usage is obvious, but more contentious. We have to stop driving so many cars? Eat less meat? Stop building cheaply built McMansions with no insulation? These seem to be an affront to people's basic liberties, and yet every time they make these choices they help dig us a little bit deeper into carbon debt.
Smil's history is broad and deep. It reaches into the tiny fragments of Roman, Chinese and prehistory that you didn't know where out there. It discusses the differences between whether an ox or a horse are best on a farm, and what their energy efficiencies are relative to one another. He uses sharp illustrations makes clear that two 747 pilots control more energy than entire medieval communities would have had at their disposal.
Most of all, he provides the context for understanding today's economic and ecological problems that have resulted from our historical use of energy.
May 8, 2021
Went back to this again for reference.
Energy and Civilization: A History is an updated version of the 1994 book of the same title. In order, the book covers the basic concepts of energy, the uses of energy in prehistory, then in traditional farming, in transportation and fuel. After that, three long chapters on "Fossil Fuels, Primary Electricity, and Renewables", "Fossil-Fueled Civilization", and "Energy in World History".
This is a book of length, and considerable depth of knowledge for the beginner, with considerable references to secondary scholarship, charts, timelines of inventions, and illustrations. The charts on human populations and energy use are striking, but about as much as the 19th century engraving of child coal miners.
The later chapters are where the book has the most new material, as well as Smil's strong opinions on energy policy. He notes the benefits of urbanization, rising energy consumption, and the wider availability of energy has benefited the lives of millions. And yet, he sounds the alarm on the global dependency on fossil fuels, that reducing global warming to +2 C is "highly unlikely", though not impossible. He fears an unequal outcome where a select few and consume energy frivolously, and the vast majority are stuck in a slower, hotter, more deprived world. There are no easy solutions for energy transitions, he notes, and those transitions that do happen take years. And for the near future, he has little time for the techno-optimists.
To sum up, this is a solid historical refernece. I appreicate how it starts with historical uses of energy, and integrates more technical concepts. My only complaint, and this is a minor one, was slightly more attention paid to how energy transitions happened over time, although Smil does take pains to note how long they take to happen.
Energy and Civilization: A History is an updated version of the 1994 book of the same title. In order, the book covers the basic concepts of energy, the uses of energy in prehistory, then in traditional farming, in transportation and fuel. After that, three long chapters on "Fossil Fuels, Primary Electricity, and Renewables", "Fossil-Fueled Civilization", and "Energy in World History".
This is a book of length, and considerable depth of knowledge for the beginner, with considerable references to secondary scholarship, charts, timelines of inventions, and illustrations. The charts on human populations and energy use are striking, but about as much as the 19th century engraving of child coal miners.
The later chapters are where the book has the most new material, as well as Smil's strong opinions on energy policy. He notes the benefits of urbanization, rising energy consumption, and the wider availability of energy has benefited the lives of millions. And yet, he sounds the alarm on the global dependency on fossil fuels, that reducing global warming to +2 C is "highly unlikely", though not impossible. He fears an unequal outcome where a select few and consume energy frivolously, and the vast majority are stuck in a slower, hotter, more deprived world. There are no easy solutions for energy transitions, he notes, and those transitions that do happen take years. And for the near future, he has little time for the techno-optimists.
To sum up, this is a solid historical refernece. I appreicate how it starts with historical uses of energy, and integrates more technical concepts. My only complaint, and this is a minor one, was slightly more attention paid to how energy transitions happened over time, although Smil does take pains to note how long they take to happen.
November 14, 2018
I read this book because it was on Bill Gates' list, and his recommendations have not steered me wrong to date.
Smil's history of civilization, viewed through the lens of energy, was a challenging read; at times I was not fully engaged. The long chapter quantifying energy inputs and outputs in traditional, pre-industrial farming almost made me put the book down. For example, comparing the power output (in Watts) of two head-yoked oxen versus a bitted horse with a breastband harness... exciting for some, but not for me.
However, I am glad I stuck with it. Smil views all of human history through the lens of quantified energy, similar to how Fukuyama (The Origins of Political Order, Political Order and Political Decay) views all of human history through the lens of humanity's political institutions.
Smil's sticks to common units while accounting for different energy stores (Joules; food, steam, fossil fuels, etc) and methods of doing "work" or output (Watts; draft animal pulling power, watermill grinding capacity, work done by engines, electrical loads, etc), so one great takeaway is a reader can not only understand and compare apples to oranges in terms of energy, but apples to waterwheels, apples to horse-drawn plows, apples to Volkswagons, and apples to nuclear bombs.
When you get a sense of scale of the energy we're used to in Canadian life, it is all the more amazing (or shocking?). The poorest people in the world have access to a fraction of 1% of the per-capita energy consumption of North Americans. I have a better understanding of where global energy comes from (fossil fuels 84%, renewables just 1 or 2%) and where it is used (iron and steel production 7%). Smil is cautious about the future; he does not think our current path is sustainable. But, he sees fossil fuel use as a current necessity. While we could turn on our lights and bake our bread with renewables, they won't satisfy our need for metallurgical coke (a coal derivitive required for humanity's huge appetite for steel products) or natural gas (required for production of nitrogen that sustain our agricultural system at it's current levels; see the Haber process) or plastics.
What I liked the most about this book was the viewing all of history through a narrow lens (energy). Smil is passionate about energy and argues in his conclusion it would be foolish to think about human history without accounting for energy. But I found myself thinking back to Fukuyama who would argue the same about political institutions, which is not in Smil's primary wheelhouse. The answer is likely in the middle; complex energy distribution systems (be it canals in ancient farming civilizations or modern electrical grids) are not possible without much human organization.
In the end, it's a different way of viewing the world that's interesting for me. I learned a lot! I hate to rate this book. It's 5 stars of knowledge and detail, but in terms of engagement I just wasn't as into it - so on the Goodreads scale, "I liked it" and that means 3 stars.
UPDATE: I am changing my review to 4 stars because I think about this book a LOT - it has great staying power.
Smil's history of civilization, viewed through the lens of energy, was a challenging read; at times I was not fully engaged. The long chapter quantifying energy inputs and outputs in traditional, pre-industrial farming almost made me put the book down. For example, comparing the power output (in Watts) of two head-yoked oxen versus a bitted horse with a breastband harness... exciting for some, but not for me.
However, I am glad I stuck with it. Smil views all of human history through the lens of quantified energy, similar to how Fukuyama (The Origins of Political Order, Political Order and Political Decay) views all of human history through the lens of humanity's political institutions.
Smil's sticks to common units while accounting for different energy stores (Joules; food, steam, fossil fuels, etc) and methods of doing "work" or output (Watts; draft animal pulling power, watermill grinding capacity, work done by engines, electrical loads, etc), so one great takeaway is a reader can not only understand and compare apples to oranges in terms of energy, but apples to waterwheels, apples to horse-drawn plows, apples to Volkswagons, and apples to nuclear bombs.
When you get a sense of scale of the energy we're used to in Canadian life, it is all the more amazing (or shocking?). The poorest people in the world have access to a fraction of 1% of the per-capita energy consumption of North Americans. I have a better understanding of where global energy comes from (fossil fuels 84%, renewables just 1 or 2%) and where it is used (iron and steel production 7%). Smil is cautious about the future; he does not think our current path is sustainable. But, he sees fossil fuel use as a current necessity. While we could turn on our lights and bake our bread with renewables, they won't satisfy our need for metallurgical coke (a coal derivitive required for humanity's huge appetite for steel products) or natural gas (required for production of nitrogen that sustain our agricultural system at it's current levels; see the Haber process) or plastics.
What I liked the most about this book was the viewing all of history through a narrow lens (energy). Smil is passionate about energy and argues in his conclusion it would be foolish to think about human history without accounting for energy. But I found myself thinking back to Fukuyama who would argue the same about political institutions, which is not in Smil's primary wheelhouse. The answer is likely in the middle; complex energy distribution systems (be it canals in ancient farming civilizations or modern electrical grids) are not possible without much human organization.
In the end, it's a different way of viewing the world that's interesting for me. I learned a lot! I hate to rate this book. It's 5 stars of knowledge and detail, but in terms of engagement I just wasn't as into it - so on the Goodreads scale, "I liked it" and that means 3 stars.
UPDATE: I am changing my review to 4 stars because I think about this book a LOT - it has great staying power.
July 14, 2020
Very detailed and comprehensive, but also rambling and all over the place, with more than just a whiff of cultural pessimism.
In particular the second half of the book gets tedious and lost in too many lengthy descriptions of technological progress, written in a monotonous style.
Most important gap is the sheer absence of nuclear energy, except for a few brief asides. The author is not anti-nuclear power per se, but simply does not seem to believe in it, due to a lack of popular buy-in, without discussing at any point its technological evolution during the last 70 years. Yet, horse carts, steam mills, steel furnaces, airplanes, etc. have all been discussed ad nauseam.
In particular the second half of the book gets tedious and lost in too many lengthy descriptions of technological progress, written in a monotonous style.
Most important gap is the sheer absence of nuclear energy, except for a few brief asides. The author is not anti-nuclear power per se, but simply does not seem to believe in it, due to a lack of popular buy-in, without discussing at any point its technological evolution during the last 70 years. Yet, horse carts, steam mills, steel furnaces, airplanes, etc. have all been discussed ad nauseam.
December 15, 2019
I realized that by the time you're listening to an audiobook as an insomnia cure, even if it was a recommendation, you should be finding something else to read. This is an exhaustive summary of Vaclav Smil's life's research on the history of energy transitions, but for all the information the book contains it is so terribly written that the barrage of facts (imagine listening to math formulas being read at you in a monotone) almost always overwhelms any potential meaning that could be drawn from them. This is a classic case where extreme mastery of a subject coupled with the scientist's credo of constantly questioning assumptions and refusing to draw inferences creates a body of knowledge that is unfortunately completely inaccessible to those outside of the discipline. Which is a shame; the few salient points I gleaned from early chapters on how varying choices of crop cultivation across the world reflect the relative power of available draft animals were actually interesting. But the idea of slogging through an additional 14 hours of audio to capture a similarly thoughtful observation on 20th century use of fossil fuels seemed ridiculous. Perhaps I would have made more progress if I'd been reading a book or a Kindle that allowed for skimming.
If you are a science history PhD, by all means read this book (but get a physical copy; audiobook is indigestible even at 1.5x). For the rest of us plebeians, I'd recommend as a substitute:
- Jeff Rutherford's 1500-word book review: https://sej.stanford.edu/review-energ... , and
- Text of Vaclav Smil 2015 oped in Politico on overestimating the speed at which the world can transition to renewable energy: https://www.politico.com/agenda/story...
May some benevolent journalist see fit to condense this book into a 250-page abridged version so that the rest of us can appreciate the value of Smil's work.
If you are a science history PhD, by all means read this book (but get a physical copy; audiobook is indigestible even at 1.5x). For the rest of us plebeians, I'd recommend as a substitute:
- Jeff Rutherford's 1500-word book review: https://sej.stanford.edu/review-energ... , and
- Text of Vaclav Smil 2015 oped in Politico on overestimating the speed at which the world can transition to renewable energy: https://www.politico.com/agenda/story...
May some benevolent journalist see fit to condense this book into a 250-page abridged version so that the rest of us can appreciate the value of Smil's work.
January 9, 2022
Dense with information, much of it interesting or important, but (for me at least) an absolute slog to read. I wasn't looking for some kind of fuzzy personality-driven pop science treatment of the topic, but my capacity to absorb tedious kitchen-sink infodumping has its limits. Even the editor seems to have been unable to get through the whole thing without skimming, as there are plenty of ungrammatical sentences and other small errors to break the flow too.
This might sound contradictory, but in some sections I would have liked more detailed explanations, e.g. of the various technologies discussed; there's nothing more frustrating than being deluged with facts and figures with neither the context to appreciate their significance nor a nuts-and-bolts understanding of what they actually mean.
I definitely needed Smil to do more to provide that context, especially when it came to the quantitative estimates and measurements peppered throughout the text. My brain just doesn't have the ability to independently extract meaning from seemingly arbitrary assortments of numbers with no intuitive sense of scale or significance.
I think I would have learned significantly more from a book of the same length with narrower scope (or at least less 'sit down and write everything I know about energy, then send that to the publisher' and more 'synthesise the most important insights from my research, think about how to present them in a comprehensible and memorable way, then write and edit and rewrite until it's readable'), more complete technical explanations, and more of a coherent through-line in each chapter.
This might sound contradictory, but in some sections I would have liked more detailed explanations, e.g. of the various technologies discussed; there's nothing more frustrating than being deluged with facts and figures with neither the context to appreciate their significance nor a nuts-and-bolts understanding of what they actually mean.
I definitely needed Smil to do more to provide that context, especially when it came to the quantitative estimates and measurements peppered throughout the text. My brain just doesn't have the ability to independently extract meaning from seemingly arbitrary assortments of numbers with no intuitive sense of scale or significance.
I think I would have learned significantly more from a book of the same length with narrower scope (or at least less 'sit down and write everything I know about energy, then send that to the publisher' and more 'synthesise the most important insights from my research, think about how to present them in a comprehensible and memorable way, then write and edit and rewrite until it's readable'), more complete technical explanations, and more of a coherent through-line in each chapter.
November 29, 2024
This book was hard to finish.
It has a lot of information, probably too much if you’re just looking for light reading. I never thought about how energy shaped the history of humanity, but after reading this, it totally makes sense.
The book has some really interesting ideas, but there are way too many numbers. It was hard to keep track of all the big statistics and comparisons. Sometimes I felt lost trying to follow it.
I think it works better as a textbook or for someone doing research in this area. Out of the three books I’ve read by Vaclav Smil, this one was definitely the worst in terms of readability.
If you’re really into the topic, it might be worth reading, but it’s not great for casual readers.
It has a lot of information, probably too much if you’re just looking for light reading. I never thought about how energy shaped the history of humanity, but after reading this, it totally makes sense.
The book has some really interesting ideas, but there are way too many numbers. It was hard to keep track of all the big statistics and comparisons. Sometimes I felt lost trying to follow it.
I think it works better as a textbook or for someone doing research in this area. Out of the three books I’ve read by Vaclav Smil, this one was definitely the worst in terms of readability.
If you’re really into the topic, it might be worth reading, but it’s not great for casual readers.
January 26, 2020
So Vaclav’s thorough.
Let’s take the energy inputs and outputs of plowing animals. Horses are better than other ungulates bc their body mass is uncentered allowing for a better push pull; he has graphs.
Also, the collars used to pull the plows varied greatly in their efficacy, and horses saved up to ten percent of their energy bc of suspensory ligaments in their legs that allow them to lock in place and use little energy when standing still...who knew.
I’m not casting aspersions. The amount of research jumps off on every page. If one wants to know the human ascendancy up the energy curve over the course of civilization’s rise here is the gold standard.
Actually, the steel standard since steel and Bessemer and coke played a much larger role than gold.
Let’s take the energy inputs and outputs of plowing animals. Horses are better than other ungulates bc their body mass is uncentered allowing for a better push pull; he has graphs.
Also, the collars used to pull the plows varied greatly in their efficacy, and horses saved up to ten percent of their energy bc of suspensory ligaments in their legs that allow them to lock in place and use little energy when standing still...who knew.
I’m not casting aspersions. The amount of research jumps off on every page. If one wants to know the human ascendancy up the energy curve over the course of civilization’s rise here is the gold standard.
Actually, the steel standard since steel and Bessemer and coke played a much larger role than gold.
April 18, 2020
An epic and well researched book by Smil.
Living organisms need to process energy and those which are most efficient, thrive. They can divert more energy to other important things, such as growing bug brains. Human beings walk on 2 legs because that is more energy efficient. Then we develop big brains that enable us to harness the use of more energy, like using tools and using draft animals, and making wind and water mills.
Energy availability limited the size of human settlements. Improvements in harnessing energy, such as better farming methods, enabled a higher population and bigger armies.
Eventually better fuels were discovered, and steam engines first using coal and then internal combustion energy using petroleum products were developed. So we had tractors, harvesters, trains, ships, and aeroplanes.
The introduction of electricity is the real game-changer in energy, because it is versatile and can travel long distances, unlike traditional wind and water mill power.
Energy is not the only thing that matters for civilisation. Art, culture and happiness do not solely depends on energy. Different advanced countries use vastly different amounts of energy; Japan and Germany use little, and America uses lots.
Energy transition is slow; we are still using way too much coal for power generation.
We will not run out of the vast amount of hydrocarbons on earth. Energy use will be limited by pollution and green-house effects. Should all the polar ice melts, our sea level will rise by 58m, and many people in coastal cities will perish. The only possible way forward is to dramatically reduce our energy use, and keep developing renewable energies (which still account for only a small percentage of world energy use).
I learnt so much from this book. Next to read Growth by Smil!
Living organisms need to process energy and those which are most efficient, thrive. They can divert more energy to other important things, such as growing bug brains. Human beings walk on 2 legs because that is more energy efficient. Then we develop big brains that enable us to harness the use of more energy, like using tools and using draft animals, and making wind and water mills.
Energy availability limited the size of human settlements. Improvements in harnessing energy, such as better farming methods, enabled a higher population and bigger armies.
Eventually better fuels were discovered, and steam engines first using coal and then internal combustion energy using petroleum products were developed. So we had tractors, harvesters, trains, ships, and aeroplanes.
The introduction of electricity is the real game-changer in energy, because it is versatile and can travel long distances, unlike traditional wind and water mill power.
Energy is not the only thing that matters for civilisation. Art, culture and happiness do not solely depends on energy. Different advanced countries use vastly different amounts of energy; Japan and Germany use little, and America uses lots.
Energy transition is slow; we are still using way too much coal for power generation.
We will not run out of the vast amount of hydrocarbons on earth. Energy use will be limited by pollution and green-house effects. Should all the polar ice melts, our sea level will rise by 58m, and many people in coastal cities will perish. The only possible way forward is to dramatically reduce our energy use, and keep developing renewable energies (which still account for only a small percentage of world energy use).
I learnt so much from this book. Next to read Growth by Smil!
November 24, 2020
This book is information-dense and your enjoyment of the book will most likely depend on your information conversion efficiency.
The only subjective complaint I have for the book is that there needs to be even more illustrations.
The only subjective complaint I have for the book is that there needs to be even more illustrations.
November 19, 2019
In this densely written text, Smil analyzes the history of energy utilization in civilization explaining in narrative form how human beings went from using the very limited energy produced from the skeletal- muscular system to modern day innovations such as cars, planes, rockets, and atomic bombs. In this narrative he presents a great variety of numbers breaking down textually how much more efficient modernity is from pre-steam/gasoline fueled civilization. Smil is no half assed scholar by any means and unlike many who may try to write a book such as this, he genuinely understands the sciences of physics, chemistry, biology, geology and engineering. He is by no means ashamed of his great near encyclopedic understanding of the fields as he explains them all within a clear cut understanding. Beyond that smil seems to grasp many of the humanities extremely well as he takes us through history showing his wide readings. Smil writes on a great deal more than simply energy and as such his title is misleading. In this book you will find a ton on geopolitics, economics, engineering and a load of other topics. At times the reader may even be overwhelmed by the facts thrown in quick succession, but alas, it is worthwhile to take it all in.
Smil presents a hypothesis that an increased understanding and ability in energy utilization has led to the massive changes which brought about modernity. He of course mentions that we have yet to understand *what precisely energy is* given that our present definition in physics 'the ability to do work' is hardly sufficient...despite that, humanity has garnered enough information on peripheral elementals of the topic that a book such as ghis is possible
In the end this if a fascinating book, and pretty much anyone invested in make the world a better place should read its contents.
Recommended for :
Everyone
Smil presents a hypothesis that an increased understanding and ability in energy utilization has led to the massive changes which brought about modernity. He of course mentions that we have yet to understand *what precisely energy is* given that our present definition in physics 'the ability to do work' is hardly sufficient...despite that, humanity has garnered enough information on peripheral elementals of the topic that a book such as ghis is possible
In the end this if a fascinating book, and pretty much anyone invested in make the world a better place should read its contents.
Recommended for :
Everyone
October 26, 2019
This book is very, very thorough. It goes through the whole history of how humans use energy, which is basically the whole history of human technological development. It is also very dense, no words are wasted on anecdotes or prose, but rather every sentence contains interesting information.
It is quite sobering, we need a lot of energy to maintain something close to our current standard of living and to improve the lives of the people currently living in squalor, but there's no easy way to achieve this. The only viable way seems to be a massive (and politically difficult) scale up of nuclear energy, with wind and solar where it makes sense. And we will still need techniques for synthesizing hydrocarbon fuels for things like aviation and shipping.
It is also sobering because the author doesn't care about politics, just the poor allocation and use of energy we have in the world. Why are we placing solar panels in northern europe instead of Africa? Why are we shipping wood chips across the Atlantic to burn them in European power plants? These things are local maxima but bad for the world as a whole.
Life is a brutal fight against entropy.
It is quite sobering, we need a lot of energy to maintain something close to our current standard of living and to improve the lives of the people currently living in squalor, but there's no easy way to achieve this. The only viable way seems to be a massive (and politically difficult) scale up of nuclear energy, with wind and solar where it makes sense. And we will still need techniques for synthesizing hydrocarbon fuels for things like aviation and shipping.
It is also sobering because the author doesn't care about politics, just the poor allocation and use of energy we have in the world. Why are we placing solar panels in northern europe instead of Africa? Why are we shipping wood chips across the Atlantic to burn them in European power plants? These things are local maxima but bad for the world as a whole.
Life is a brutal fight against entropy.
May 7, 2024
To a large degree this is somewhere between a reference work and a textbook and, while Smil may think that he's writing history of technology for historians, to this reader the book feels more like sociology for engineers. That said you will inevitably learn a great deal by dipping into this book at points, as Smil explains the hard realities of energy transfers from deep human history up till the current day. Such being the case, Smil is not there to coddle your expectations as while he believes that the excessive burning of fossil fuels are a threat to human survival he is also not impressed that any of the "green" solutions will offer much hope in the near future. His short term suggestion is that, perhaps, people should get used to using less and living more modestly; Smil makes no bones about finding the West's conspicuous consumption distasteful and uncultured. The flavor is much like that of your granduncle who experienced real privation in his life and finds your whining about not being able to buy a new sports car tedious and annoying.
Originally written: November 1, 2019.
Originally written: November 1, 2019.
March 22, 2022
File under 'information dense'! Did you know that a normal human metabolic rate is about 80W, and the average person generates around 100W over a normal working day? That this is roughly the power required for an incandescent lightbulb? That per capita energy use in the US — the amount of energy each person relies on — is on the order of 10,000 kWh per year, which is equivalent to around 10 humans working 24/7? That per capita energy use lines up pretty well with the human development index, infant mortality, and indices of political freedom? And that the world is becoming steadily less energy intensive, measured by energy consumption per unit of GDP?
October 20, 2021
A very densely written book, I would definitely need to read a few more times if I want to be truly capable of grasping all the information it contains. Hopefully, an updated version will be published soon, which would take into account the current climate change challenges.
July 18, 2023
Energy as a pov to review the history of civilization is an interesting approach. He has the data; tedious? yes; convincing? also yes. Let the detail wash over you, the pleasurable part of his books is holding onto the thread.
I love that he mentioned Fernand Braudel.
Worth reading once.
I love that he mentioned Fernand Braudel.
Worth reading once.
May 15, 2018
“Despite many differences in agronomic practices and in cultivated crops, all traditional agricultures shared the same energetic foundation. They were powered by the photosynthetic conversion of solar radiation, producing food for people, feed for animals, recycled wastes for the replenishment of soil fertility, and fuels for smelting the metals needed to make simple farm tools. Consequently, traditional farming was, in principle, fully renewable.”
Vaclav Smil's Energy and Civilization: A History book gives us a walkthrough history (Yes here we go again!) outlining how humans have managed and obtained energy beginning with pre-agricultural foraging societies working all the way to present day fossil fuel-driven civilization.
I will list the chapters to give any potential reader a precise feel and guide to what to expect as well in this rather informative book, giving Smil's pensive perspective with extensive research:
*1: Energy and Society
*2: Energy in Prehistory
*3: Traditional Farming
*4: Preindustrial Prime Movers and Fuels
*5: Fossil Fuels, Primary Electricity, and Renewables
*6: Fossil-Fueled Civilization
*7: Energy in World History
The first and second chapter detailed foraging societies, various processes and systems accompanying hunter-gatherer groups while heading towards the origins of agriculture.
While the third part deals with examples such as cropping cycles, irrigation, fertilization and crop Diversity. Smil certainly teaches the reader about the various dynamics behind cultivation farming and the amount of knowledge as well as practical work that comes with it. We have a look at Ancient Egypt, China, Mesoamerica Cultures, Europe, and North America. It gives the reader a taste of how these ancient civilisations regarding how agriculture garnered advanced techniques to feed and nourish their populaces.
The fourth chapter was again a flourish of information regarding wind power, hydropower, biomass fuels, wood and charcoal, transportation and construction, buildings and structures, metallurgy, warfare, explosives and guns, heat and light... And so on and so forth.
The fifth mainly gives us the industrial revolution with aspects such as coal extraction, steam engines, oil and electricity, renewable energies and various technical innovations.
Overall, Energy and Civilisation: A History is another book which gives us a very educational and detailed examination which correlates the progress of civilisations with energies obtained and the various stages we have seen in most civilisations, past and present, up to the current stage/level we find ourselves at. The later chapters also provide insight into economic growth, quality of life, weapons and war, environmental changes, patterns of energy use, imperatives of energy needs and uses and looking at aspects that haven't changed. Subsequently some changes have not been deemed necessary given the scale and cost effective nature which comes with industrious projects or indeed the farming industry.
I could see this book being a very useful addition for students and teachers whether they are economists, environmentalists or historians focused on the timeline of energy development, agricultural development and civilizational progress regarding technology and resources.
“Energy is not the only determinant of … life in general and human actions in particular…. [It is] among the most important factors shaping a society, but [it does] not determine the particulars of its successes or failures.”
Vaclav Smil's Energy and Civilization: A History book gives us a walkthrough history (Yes here we go again!) outlining how humans have managed and obtained energy beginning with pre-agricultural foraging societies working all the way to present day fossil fuel-driven civilization.
I will list the chapters to give any potential reader a precise feel and guide to what to expect as well in this rather informative book, giving Smil's pensive perspective with extensive research:
*1: Energy and Society
*2: Energy in Prehistory
*3: Traditional Farming
*4: Preindustrial Prime Movers and Fuels
*5: Fossil Fuels, Primary Electricity, and Renewables
*6: Fossil-Fueled Civilization
*7: Energy in World History
The first and second chapter detailed foraging societies, various processes and systems accompanying hunter-gatherer groups while heading towards the origins of agriculture.
While the third part deals with examples such as cropping cycles, irrigation, fertilization and crop Diversity. Smil certainly teaches the reader about the various dynamics behind cultivation farming and the amount of knowledge as well as practical work that comes with it. We have a look at Ancient Egypt, China, Mesoamerica Cultures, Europe, and North America. It gives the reader a taste of how these ancient civilisations regarding how agriculture garnered advanced techniques to feed and nourish their populaces.
The fourth chapter was again a flourish of information regarding wind power, hydropower, biomass fuels, wood and charcoal, transportation and construction, buildings and structures, metallurgy, warfare, explosives and guns, heat and light... And so on and so forth.
The fifth mainly gives us the industrial revolution with aspects such as coal extraction, steam engines, oil and electricity, renewable energies and various technical innovations.
Overall, Energy and Civilisation: A History is another book which gives us a very educational and detailed examination which correlates the progress of civilisations with energies obtained and the various stages we have seen in most civilisations, past and present, up to the current stage/level we find ourselves at. The later chapters also provide insight into economic growth, quality of life, weapons and war, environmental changes, patterns of energy use, imperatives of energy needs and uses and looking at aspects that haven't changed. Subsequently some changes have not been deemed necessary given the scale and cost effective nature which comes with industrious projects or indeed the farming industry.
I could see this book being a very useful addition for students and teachers whether they are economists, environmentalists or historians focused on the timeline of energy development, agricultural development and civilizational progress regarding technology and resources.
“Energy is not the only determinant of … life in general and human actions in particular…. [It is] among the most important factors shaping a society, but [it does] not determine the particulars of its successes or failures.”
March 22, 2020
Energy and Civilization is an incredibly important and even more difficult book to go through. The author makes little effort in making the message simple; one might be forgiven to think that at times he deliberately complicates matters to keep the readers on the toe.
The book is filled with information. There is barely a string of three to five sentences where one is not hit with some more data. Staggeringly, there is hardly anything in the reams of data that will appear familiar to most readers. In a vast majority of cases, it will require a deliberate effort to appreciate the true meanings of the numbers presented, given the plethora of nomenclatures used throughout and highly inconsistently.
And despite the denseness, the book is a must-read. The patient will walk away with a deep appreciation of not just the author's monumental efforts but also why our progress should be viewed through the prism of our energy usage. From the sources of energy at every stage to the prime movers and the eventual use cases, the history of civilization yields a different meaning when presented through energy statistics.
One may not remember any of the numbers presented beyond a few weeks, but most readers are likely to perceive many everyday events or occasions after reading this book.
The book is filled with information. There is barely a string of three to five sentences where one is not hit with some more data. Staggeringly, there is hardly anything in the reams of data that will appear familiar to most readers. In a vast majority of cases, it will require a deliberate effort to appreciate the true meanings of the numbers presented, given the plethora of nomenclatures used throughout and highly inconsistently.
And despite the denseness, the book is a must-read. The patient will walk away with a deep appreciation of not just the author's monumental efforts but also why our progress should be viewed through the prism of our energy usage. From the sources of energy at every stage to the prime movers and the eventual use cases, the history of civilization yields a different meaning when presented through energy statistics.
One may not remember any of the numbers presented beyond a few weeks, but most readers are likely to perceive many everyday events or occasions after reading this book.
February 25, 2019
'Greater possessions and comforts have become equated with civilizational advances. This biased approach excludes the whole universe of creative - moral, intellectual, and aesthetic - achievements which have no obvious connection with any particular levels or modes of energy use: there has been no obvious correlation between the modes and levels of energy use and any 'refinement in cultural mechanisms.' But such energetic determinism, like any other reductionist explanation, is highly misleading.
Georgescu-Roegen (1980, 264) suggested a fine analogy that also captures the challenge of historical explanations: geometry constrains the size of the diagonals in a square, not its color, and 'how a square happens to be green', for instance, is a different and almost impossible question. And so every society's field of physical action and achievement is bound by the imperatives arising from the reliance on particular energy flows and prime movers - but even small fields can offer brilliant tapestries whose creation is not easy to explain. Mustering historical proofs for this conclusion is easy, in matters both grand and small. '
Georgescu-Roegen (1980, 264) suggested a fine analogy that also captures the challenge of historical explanations: geometry constrains the size of the diagonals in a square, not its color, and 'how a square happens to be green', for instance, is a different and almost impossible question. And so every society's field of physical action and achievement is bound by the imperatives arising from the reliance on particular energy flows and prime movers - but even small fields can offer brilliant tapestries whose creation is not easy to explain. Mustering historical proofs for this conclusion is easy, in matters both grand and small. '
October 12, 2021
Este libro es el “Ideas” de la tecnología y Vaclav Smil ha hecho por la historia de la relación de la humanidad con la energía, lo que Watson hizo por las ideas.
Una lectura indispensable en tiempos en los que entender nuestra adicción energívora es indispensable para prepararnos para las transiciones inminentes (e inevitables si queremos que lo que hemos construído en 10.000 años tenga algún futuro).
Es mi primer libro de Smil, a quién conocí a través de las repetidas recomendaciones que en libros, documentales y columnas hace Bill Gates sobre su obra. No será, definitivamente el último. Y es que Gates definitivamente no se equivoca en su recomendación. Vaclav Smil es sencillamente un "monstruo" y eso queda reflejado en este impresionante libro.
La primera sorpresa que me lleve fue la de encontrarme con un libro de divulgación tecnológica que parece más bien un artículo científico de revisión de 600 páginas.
Antes que huyan despavoridos de la reseña y del libro, déjenme aclararlo mejor.
A diferencia de la mayoría de los libros de ensayo divulgativo, llenos de notas y referencias al final (que a veces llegan a ser hasta la mitad del libro) o de (incómodas) notas al pie, Smil usa el estilo académico de citar las fuentes al estilo Harvard (Smil, 2021).
A pesar de esto, y muy curiosamente el libro no tiene una sección de bibliografía (en la que tampoco cabrían "cómodamente" las centenares de citas bibliográficas); entiendo, sin embargo, a los editores por haber decidido suprimirla. Ello habría implicado un exceso de páginas para incluir información que puede encontrarse en cualquier parte.
Justamente viendo las citas de este libro llega uno a reconocer por qué Smil ha sido reconocido como el más influyente experto mundial en temas de energía. Calculo que entre un 30% y un 40% de las referencias incluidas en el libro son a sus propios trabajos, la mayoría de los últimos 10 a 15 años. Unos dirán que es obvio que se cite a si mismo. Para otros, como yo, este hecho me dio razones permanentes para seguir leyendo el texto, a pesar de que puede volverse un poco denso a ratos.
Otra cosa que me gusto del libro, y que es más propio de un texto académico, es el uso de recuadros explicativos (el equivalente a las notas del final de la mayoría de los libros de ensayo) en los que Smil profundiza en algunos temas interesantes, realiza una reflexión particular sobre algún asunto. o presenta un "cálculo" cuyo resultado cita en el texto.
"¿Cálculo? ¡no me jodás!"
Si, así como lo oyen. Si se van a animar a leerlo hay que prepararse para una buena dosis de física y un poco de aritmética. Y es que para entender la energía, que es un concepto físico, y la historia de nuestra relación con ella, no se puede ir simplemente por allí soltando anécdotas, conceptos y reflexiones. Como decimos por aquí "sin números, ni pio". Pero tampoco se imaginen un libro lleno de ecuaciones o diagramas técnicos. A lo sumo multiplicaciones, conversiones de unidades, múltiplos y submúltiplos de 10 y muchos prefijos griegos (kilo, mega, giga, tera, exa, etc.)
El libro es un tesoro de datos asombrosos y una ruina en notas pots-it para quien quiera resaltarlos todos (yo tuve que, con dificultad, contenerme un poco). Les suelto algunos al azar (en realidad voy a abrir el libro en páginas al azar y citar el primer dato que me encuentre):
Y así podría continuar por dos o tres reseñas más.
La estructura del libro es quizás su mejor atributo. Tampoco es muy impredecible: una presentación cronológica de la relación de la humanidad con la energía, desde nuestros remotos antepasados que extraían energía del sol capturada en los frutos que recogían o en los animales que se alimentaban de ella, hasta los reactores de fusión nuclear experimentales del presente. Literalmente 2 millones de años de manipulaciones energéticas comprimidas en 600 páginas.
Los primeros capítulos son pesados, especialmente el de la agricultura tradicional. Como es fácil que sean también estos primeros capítulos los que deberían enganchar, le recomiendo a cualquiera que se vaya a montar en este tren que tenga paciencia y no se apresure a abandonar el libro porque no le interesa mucho el papel que jugaron las innovaciones en el collar de los caballos de tiro o en el arado durante la dinastía Qing.
Las cosas empiezan a ponerse realmente emocionantes a partir del capítulo 4. Si son del team impacientes pueden saltarse el capítulo 3 completo e ir directamente al capítulo 4. Pero si son aún más impacientes y no quieren una clase de 500 páginas y más bien gozar un buen resumen de la historia de la civilización en función de la energía, lean primero el capítulo final "La energía en la historia del mundo", una verdadera joya.
En fin, son 600 páginas y miles de datos y goodreads solo me da como 30.000 caracteres (y a los que verdaderamente les gusta la historia de la tecnología, posiblemente solo necesitaran 240 caracteres para animarse a leer).
Dejen de consumir energía en la pantalla y vayan a consumir energía intelectual (que como aprendí en este libro, es de las más baratas que existen) leyendo el fantástico libro de Smil.
Una lectura indispensable en tiempos en los que entender nuestra adicción energívora es indispensable para prepararnos para las transiciones inminentes (e inevitables si queremos que lo que hemos construído en 10.000 años tenga algún futuro).
Es mi primer libro de Smil, a quién conocí a través de las repetidas recomendaciones que en libros, documentales y columnas hace Bill Gates sobre su obra. No será, definitivamente el último. Y es que Gates definitivamente no se equivoca en su recomendación. Vaclav Smil es sencillamente un "monstruo" y eso queda reflejado en este impresionante libro.
La primera sorpresa que me lleve fue la de encontrarme con un libro de divulgación tecnológica que parece más bien un artículo científico de revisión de 600 páginas.
Antes que huyan despavoridos de la reseña y del libro, déjenme aclararlo mejor.
A diferencia de la mayoría de los libros de ensayo divulgativo, llenos de notas y referencias al final (que a veces llegan a ser hasta la mitad del libro) o de (incómodas) notas al pie, Smil usa el estilo académico de citar las fuentes al estilo Harvard (Smil, 2021).
A pesar de esto, y muy curiosamente el libro no tiene una sección de bibliografía (en la que tampoco cabrían "cómodamente" las centenares de citas bibliográficas); entiendo, sin embargo, a los editores por haber decidido suprimirla. Ello habría implicado un exceso de páginas para incluir información que puede encontrarse en cualquier parte.
Justamente viendo las citas de este libro llega uno a reconocer por qué Smil ha sido reconocido como el más influyente experto mundial en temas de energía. Calculo que entre un 30% y un 40% de las referencias incluidas en el libro son a sus propios trabajos, la mayoría de los últimos 10 a 15 años. Unos dirán que es obvio que se cite a si mismo. Para otros, como yo, este hecho me dio razones permanentes para seguir leyendo el texto, a pesar de que puede volverse un poco denso a ratos.
Otra cosa que me gusto del libro, y que es más propio de un texto académico, es el uso de recuadros explicativos (el equivalente a las notas del final de la mayoría de los libros de ensayo) en los que Smil profundiza en algunos temas interesantes, realiza una reflexión particular sobre algún asunto. o presenta un "cálculo" cuyo resultado cita en el texto.
"¿Cálculo? ¡no me jodás!"
Si, así como lo oyen. Si se van a animar a leerlo hay que prepararse para una buena dosis de física y un poco de aritmética. Y es que para entender la energía, que es un concepto físico, y la historia de nuestra relación con ella, no se puede ir simplemente por allí soltando anécdotas, conceptos y reflexiones. Como decimos por aquí "sin números, ni pio". Pero tampoco se imaginen un libro lleno de ecuaciones o diagramas técnicos. A lo sumo multiplicaciones, conversiones de unidades, múltiplos y submúltiplos de 10 y muchos prefijos griegos (kilo, mega, giga, tera, exa, etc.)
El libro es un tesoro de datos asombrosos y una ruina en notas pots-it para quien quiera resaltarlos todos (yo tuve que, con dificultad, contenerme un poco). Les suelto algunos al azar (en realidad voy a abrir el libro en páginas al azar y citar el primer dato que me encuentre):
los humanos en la era industrial no comemos patatas producidas con energía solar, sino patatas parcialmente producidas con petróleo; toda transición del uso de unas formas primarias de energía a otras (madera, carbón, petróleo, luz solar), requiere el uso intensivo de energía existentes y es por eso que la transición a las renovables no dejará de usar combustibles fósiles; los microchips se han convertido en el artefacto complejo más omnipresente de la civilización moderna, cada año se producen más de 200.000 millones de ellos; en 2000, un lumen de luz en Reino Unido costaba solo el 0.01% de lo que costaba en 1500 y el 1% de los que costaba en 1900.
Y así podría continuar por dos o tres reseñas más.
La estructura del libro es quizás su mejor atributo. Tampoco es muy impredecible: una presentación cronológica de la relación de la humanidad con la energía, desde nuestros remotos antepasados que extraían energía del sol capturada en los frutos que recogían o en los animales que se alimentaban de ella, hasta los reactores de fusión nuclear experimentales del presente. Literalmente 2 millones de años de manipulaciones energéticas comprimidas en 600 páginas.
Los primeros capítulos son pesados, especialmente el de la agricultura tradicional. Como es fácil que sean también estos primeros capítulos los que deberían enganchar, le recomiendo a cualquiera que se vaya a montar en este tren que tenga paciencia y no se apresure a abandonar el libro porque no le interesa mucho el papel que jugaron las innovaciones en el collar de los caballos de tiro o en el arado durante la dinastía Qing.
Las cosas empiezan a ponerse realmente emocionantes a partir del capítulo 4. Si son del team impacientes pueden saltarse el capítulo 3 completo e ir directamente al capítulo 4. Pero si son aún más impacientes y no quieren una clase de 500 páginas y más bien gozar un buen resumen de la historia de la civilización en función de la energía, lean primero el capítulo final "La energía en la historia del mundo", una verdadera joya.
En fin, son 600 páginas y miles de datos y goodreads solo me da como 30.000 caracteres (y a los que verdaderamente les gusta la historia de la tecnología, posiblemente solo necesitaran 240 caracteres para animarse a leer).
Dejen de consumir energía en la pantalla y vayan a consumir energía intelectual (que como aprendí en este libro, es de las más baratas que existen) leyendo el fantástico libro de Smil.
October 20, 2020
Absolutely incredible read. Highly recommend. This book chronicles the impacts and developments of energy use through all of humanity’s history. It is quite amazing to see how often subtle (and also not-so-subtle) discoveries in energy can have lasting impacts in history. From farming to war, everything ultimately is influenced by the ability to perform said actions, which is governed by efficient energy use. Of course, this book also covers the issue of CO2 emissions. The conclusion is bleak: we are too tied up and dependent on hydrocarbons. You’ve heard it everywhere, but our lifestyle is not sustainable and renewable energy is not coming fast enough. Godspeed
February 1, 2023
4.5/5
Kolejna świetna książka Vaclawa Smila, którą miałem okazję przeczytać. Jest zdecydowanie odpowiednią pozycja dla osób zainteresowanych ewolucją społeczeństwa pod kątem rewolucji energetycznych na różnych etapach rozwoju - od starożytności aż po czasy współczesne.
Książka jest napisana naukowym, precyzyjnym oraz technicznym językiem a autor często porównuje poszczególne metody wytwarzania energii, co ułatwia zachowanie ciągłości.
Moim zdaniem, jedynym mankamentem w.w. książki jest sporadycznie pojawiające się zaburzenie chronologii. Autor kilkukrotnie "skacze" w różne etapy rozwoju co nieco wybija z rytmu.
Kolejna świetna książka Vaclawa Smila, którą miałem okazję przeczytać. Jest zdecydowanie odpowiednią pozycja dla osób zainteresowanych ewolucją społeczeństwa pod kątem rewolucji energetycznych na różnych etapach rozwoju - od starożytności aż po czasy współczesne.
Książka jest napisana naukowym, precyzyjnym oraz technicznym językiem a autor często porównuje poszczególne metody wytwarzania energii, co ułatwia zachowanie ciągłości.
Moim zdaniem, jedynym mankamentem w.w. książki jest sporadycznie pojawiające się zaburzenie chronologii. Autor kilkukrotnie "skacze" w różne etapy rozwoju co nieco wybija z rytmu.
September 20, 2019
A very good history from a unique point of view. Well written, well researched, well produced.
This is not predigested pap. The reader must put in some mental energy. You needn't read it in one go. It was my breakfast reading for a while. (I found it good to read a few pages and then think on what I had read.)
I recommend a paper version because this book contains numerous tables, illustrations, graphs, etc..
This is not predigested pap. The reader must put in some mental energy. You needn't read it in one go. It was my breakfast reading for a while. (I found it good to read a few pages and then think on what I had read.)
I recommend a paper version because this book contains numerous tables, illustrations, graphs, etc..
September 11, 2023
Super interesting book! 💖
March 29, 2025
Magisterial and eye-opening. Full of explanations and facts. Something interesting on every single page.
November 16, 2024
my biggest regret is that In went so long without reading this book.
this is an excellent Sensemaking book. it presents a perspective that lets you make sense of what makes the world as it is. vaclaw smil has an excellent writing style and Inhave spent the last 2 weeks immersed in the history of energetics and how it shaped civilisation. time well spent.
This book should be a mandatory general literacy read. it is that good. i highly recommend it.
this is an excellent Sensemaking book. it presents a perspective that lets you make sense of what makes the world as it is. vaclaw smil has an excellent writing style and Inhave spent the last 2 weeks immersed in the history of energetics and how it shaped civilisation. time well spent.
This book should be a mandatory general literacy read. it is that good. i highly recommend it.
May 5, 2020
I moved to Austin, Texas about a year ago. Since being in Texas, I've felt like it was time to actually learn how the energy business worked. Why is everyone so worried about this black sludge called oil? Vaclav Smil's Energy and Civilization: A History explains exactly why. The book walks through the historic role of energy in civilization beginning with manpower, followed by animals such as horse and oxen, and going on to water and wind then eventually coal, oil and nuclear as well as looking out into the future.
Extremely well researched and thorough, it gave me a new perspective on just how important energy sources are to civilizational development. While people commonly talk about the UK being the home to industrialization because of its culture and legal system, it also just so happened to have the most accessible and largest above-ground coal deposits, which is certainly helpful for building trains and factories. Similarly, nations with the best sailing ships dominated for centuries because it allowed them to harness wind power more effectively. If you are looking for a primer on energy, it seems hard to do much better than this.
Extremely well researched and thorough, it gave me a new perspective on just how important energy sources are to civilizational development. While people commonly talk about the UK being the home to industrialization because of its culture and legal system, it also just so happened to have the most accessible and largest above-ground coal deposits, which is certainly helpful for building trains and factories. Similarly, nations with the best sailing ships dominated for centuries because it allowed them to harness wind power more effectively. If you are looking for a primer on energy, it seems hard to do much better than this.
April 22, 2024
Has lots of interesting facts related to energy consumption.
Here are my notes taken with a speech-to-text tool:
Étienne Pivert de Senancour: "Man perisheth. That may be, but let us struggle even though we perish. And if the nothing is our portion, let it not come to us as a just reward"
Georgescu Rogan wrote about the fate of humanity. He acknowledged the possibility that we'll have a very short technological period
"Life's 2 cardinal characteristics have been expansion and increase in complexity"
ChatGPT: "The Maximum Power Principle was formulated by Howard T. Odum, an American ecologist. He is recognized for his pioneering work in systems ecology, especially regarding energy flow in ecosystems. Odum introduced this principle as part of his broader work on ecological energetics and systems theory, suggesting that systems evolve to maximize power efficiency, where power is defined as the rate of energy transformation. This principle has been influential in various fields, including ecological modeling, environmental management, and sustainability studies."
Rural populations are more stable in a cultural sense. Cities tend to not produce as many children and to not support their growth and development like the countryside . The author raises some concerns regarding a future where most of the population already lives in cities and there is no further influx of people from the countryside.
"Expert opinions of the day dismissed the possibilities of: gas lighting, steam ships, incandescent light bulbs, telephones, gasoline engines, powered flight, alternating current, radio, rocket propulsion, nuclear energy, communication satellites and mass computing"
Satisfaction with life and personal happiness is also not correlated with high energy use.
Many cultural aspects that are valuable and priced such as painting music religions philosophy ethics literature are not correlated with high energy use.
In the lowlands of south America, people cultivated corn & beans (together on the same field at the same time). Up in the mountains, people grew potatoes and quinoa
The size of the average house in the US has gone above 500 sqm.
The increase in energy consumption happened while the world became more dependent and interconnected. It would be interesting to know whether the world would move closer to "1 country" if we had even more energy!
Candles convert between 0.01% and 0.04% of their energy to light. The first lightbulb converted 0.2% energy to light.
In traditional societies where energy and food would be grown on the land human settlements would require surfaces about 100 times bigger than themselves in order to get enough foods and energy for the settlement - in warm areas. The difference between settlements in warm climates versus cold climates is cold:warm 3:1
Energy intensity which is the amount of fossil fuel per GDP unit added tends to decrease in highly developed societies
In 2015 around 72 million cars were sold worldwide
In 2015 One smartphone took about 1 gigajoule of energy to produce, and a high end car, 100 GJ. Because the average lifespan of a car is longer than that of a mobile phone it appears that the energy required for producing cars and phones is similar. A smartphone consumes 4KWHh of energy per year - 4% of its embodied energy cost. A car will consume 4-5 times more energy during its lifetime than its embodied content during its lifetime.
In developed countries the average lifespan of a car is around 11 years and in developing countries it is 15 years. After this the iron copper and rubber are mostly recycled
50% of the price of modern car can we explained by the cost of software and electronics
In 2014 the world made 20 times more steel than the combined aluminum lead copper and zinc production
Plastics require three times more energy to produce than aluminum
In 2015 86% of the world's energy came from fossil fuels.
Diesel engines may be more efficient than gasoline ones
Families that live from agriculture have a tendency to make more babies. This helps the workers by distributing the workload to more people but also increases population which in turn reduces the amount of food per person. So in order to reduce the resources used by humanity we need to be urban because that does not increase population as much.
Fallow is a farming technique in which arable land is left without sowing for one or more vegetative cycles. The goal of fallowing is to allow the land to recover and store organic matter while retaining moisture and disrupting pest life cycles and soil borne pathogens by temporarily removing their hosts.
People in the Americas used chinampas. These are some kind of construction buildings inside marshes whereby land is raised and surrounded by rocks so to be reclaimed for agriculture
The Chinese people especially in the south might have a high trust in their government because historically the governments were in charge of maintaining irrigation systems.
The minimum amount of cows that one needs for subsistence is 5 to 6. For Camels this number is around 3 and 4. For sheep or goats it's around 25 to 30. For Maasai Mara people that minimum is around 13 because they also drink the blood of the cattle. Milking goats at five minutes per goat and 25 goats per person will take 2 hours per person. However goats need to be milked two times per day if not 3. The chatbot says milking a goat takes between 5 and 15 minutes.
The human brain might have grown to consume more resources and the body shrank the intestinal system to be able to provide more resources to the brain
Here are my notes taken with a speech-to-text tool:
Étienne Pivert de Senancour: "Man perisheth. That may be, but let us struggle even though we perish. And if the nothing is our portion, let it not come to us as a just reward"
Georgescu Rogan wrote about the fate of humanity. He acknowledged the possibility that we'll have a very short technological period
"Life's 2 cardinal characteristics have been expansion and increase in complexity"
ChatGPT: "The Maximum Power Principle was formulated by Howard T. Odum, an American ecologist. He is recognized for his pioneering work in systems ecology, especially regarding energy flow in ecosystems. Odum introduced this principle as part of his broader work on ecological energetics and systems theory, suggesting that systems evolve to maximize power efficiency, where power is defined as the rate of energy transformation. This principle has been influential in various fields, including ecological modeling, environmental management, and sustainability studies."
Rural populations are more stable in a cultural sense. Cities tend to not produce as many children and to not support their growth and development like the countryside . The author raises some concerns regarding a future where most of the population already lives in cities and there is no further influx of people from the countryside.
"Expert opinions of the day dismissed the possibilities of: gas lighting, steam ships, incandescent light bulbs, telephones, gasoline engines, powered flight, alternating current, radio, rocket propulsion, nuclear energy, communication satellites and mass computing"
Satisfaction with life and personal happiness is also not correlated with high energy use.
Many cultural aspects that are valuable and priced such as painting music religions philosophy ethics literature are not correlated with high energy use.
In the lowlands of south America, people cultivated corn & beans (together on the same field at the same time). Up in the mountains, people grew potatoes and quinoa
The size of the average house in the US has gone above 500 sqm.
The increase in energy consumption happened while the world became more dependent and interconnected. It would be interesting to know whether the world would move closer to "1 country" if we had even more energy!
Candles convert between 0.01% and 0.04% of their energy to light. The first lightbulb converted 0.2% energy to light.
In traditional societies where energy and food would be grown on the land human settlements would require surfaces about 100 times bigger than themselves in order to get enough foods and energy for the settlement - in warm areas. The difference between settlements in warm climates versus cold climates is cold:warm 3:1
Energy intensity which is the amount of fossil fuel per GDP unit added tends to decrease in highly developed societies
In 2015 around 72 million cars were sold worldwide
In 2015 One smartphone took about 1 gigajoule of energy to produce, and a high end car, 100 GJ. Because the average lifespan of a car is longer than that of a mobile phone it appears that the energy required for producing cars and phones is similar. A smartphone consumes 4KWHh of energy per year - 4% of its embodied energy cost. A car will consume 4-5 times more energy during its lifetime than its embodied content during its lifetime.
In developed countries the average lifespan of a car is around 11 years and in developing countries it is 15 years. After this the iron copper and rubber are mostly recycled
50% of the price of modern car can we explained by the cost of software and electronics
In 2014 the world made 20 times more steel than the combined aluminum lead copper and zinc production
Plastics require three times more energy to produce than aluminum
In 2015 86% of the world's energy came from fossil fuels.
Diesel engines may be more efficient than gasoline ones
Families that live from agriculture have a tendency to make more babies. This helps the workers by distributing the workload to more people but also increases population which in turn reduces the amount of food per person. So in order to reduce the resources used by humanity we need to be urban because that does not increase population as much.
Fallow is a farming technique in which arable land is left without sowing for one or more vegetative cycles. The goal of fallowing is to allow the land to recover and store organic matter while retaining moisture and disrupting pest life cycles and soil borne pathogens by temporarily removing their hosts.
People in the Americas used chinampas. These are some kind of construction buildings inside marshes whereby land is raised and surrounded by rocks so to be reclaimed for agriculture
The Chinese people especially in the south might have a high trust in their government because historically the governments were in charge of maintaining irrigation systems.
The minimum amount of cows that one needs for subsistence is 5 to 6. For Camels this number is around 3 and 4. For sheep or goats it's around 25 to 30. For Maasai Mara people that minimum is around 13 because they also drink the blood of the cattle. Milking goats at five minutes per goat and 25 goats per person will take 2 hours per person. However goats need to be milked two times per day if not 3. The chatbot says milking a goat takes between 5 and 15 minutes.
The human brain might have grown to consume more resources and the body shrank the intestinal system to be able to provide more resources to the brain
Displaying 1 - 30 of 506 reviews