Whatever your parents and environment were like, one of the most influential factors in your development was whether you had a sense of security in your relationships, and a sense that it was safe being yourself in those relationships. Even rigid and overprotective parenting doesn’t necessarily turn you into an unhealthy compulsive—if your parents forge strong relationships with you.
Children who don’t form secure attachments with their caregivers, and so don’t feel that they can be themselves, are more likely to suffer from OCPD.19 If you have controlling parents, but you also have a strong connection with them, you are less likely to develop OCPD.
before you were old enough to realize what you were doing, you began to develop a strategy that helped you to cope with the fit between your predisposition and your environment. Those with a good fit and a secure environment could follow their passions out of desire rather than fear. But many driven people who were born into an environment where they felt insecure had to use their energy and talent to try to feel more secure. To the degree that they needed to do this, they became healthy or unhealthy compulsives
Some of the strategies that driven people adopt to feel more secure are proving they’re virtuous, being perfect, planning so as to avoid catastrophes and criticism, and attaining achievement.
He was born with a driven personality into a family where rules were paramount. Following rules was the surest way to avoid punishment and shame—the belt from his authoritarian father and the silent treatment from his depressed mother. There were few options to get praise, an essential ingredient for human development.
When we first started mapping out Frank’s psyche, the only part of himself that he was aware of was his determination to do the right thing and get other people to do the right thing. This was a strong parental voice, always admonishing him to be good. At times this parental voice took on the tone of a Prophet, telling everyone else in the world what the right thing was for them to do. Because his actual parents weren’t available to take their proper role, this Parental Prophet came to dominate Frank’s personality as he tried to keep his brothers and sisters in line. This emphasis on guiding others was a large part of his identity.
One danger for compulsives is that anger may feel completely justified, as if expressing anger is the moral thing to do. People with road rage feel that they should be teaching the other person a lesson. Righteous indignation often spoils relations between compulsives and the people around them. Their anger can lead them to be aggressive and even violent, or it can take its toll in less obvious ways. For example, suppressed anger may turn into righteousness, judgment, resentment, and stubbornness—all of which may lead you to indulge in passive- aggressive behavior, withholding the things that you know other people want or expect from you. Frank could be direct with some people, but with other people—like his siblings—he would just stop talking to them in order to silently punish them.
Beneath the sense of determination and urgency that many compulsives are usually aware of often lies a deep fear of not measuring up, and consequently of being punished or rejected. This fear, however, often isn’t conscious, and it produces a more generalized and chronic sense of foreboding and dread. They don’t know what it is they fear. Many theorists attribute compulsive behavior entirely to this sort of anxiety. According to this hypothesis, accomplishing tasks is simply their way of trying to silence anxiety. It’s far more complicated than that, but this strategy is certainly part of the equation.
Many compulsives avoid anxiety by trying to control the future and trying not to make any mistakes. This can be adaptive in a practical way, but very destructive emotionally. It’s better to learn to find a way to handle inevitable roadblocks and personal errors than to spend your life trying to prevent them.
As much as compulsives may avoid emotion, they can also get stuck in it. There are many reasons for this. One is that they don’t let themselves fully experience the deepest layers of their emotion. It doesn’t flow as it would normally, diminishing with time and acknowledgment. Another reason is that because they are perfectionistic, they won’t allow themselves to be happy until everything, and I mean everything, is fixed. Whether it’s a toenail that needs trimming or world peace that needs winning, compulsives find it hard to rest until their issues are resolved. Because they’re good at tolerating frustration and delaying gratification, this can go on for a very long time—for some, their entire life. This is why compulsives often have a reputation for being constantly grumpy. It’s why unhealthy compulsives develop the habit of discontent.
Money promises control and predictability, and as a compulsive, you’re in danger of trying to get more money to get more control. More often it delivers stress. As Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, “Money often costs too much.” True, you do need a certain amount of it to be secure and comfortable, but the unhealthy compulsive is at risk of making it their god, of giving it far more importance than is needed. If you aren’t clear what’s important to you, money may fill the vacuum. It may become an end rather than a means. Think of Ebenezer Scrooge.
they feel they need to prove their value because they feel insecure, and because they feel they need all the time, money, and energy they can muster to prove themselves, they speed up their tempo and hold tightly to whatever they have. Or, as children they feel that their autonomy, individuality, and independence, their very essence, are at risk, and they react by controlling, by clinging to their money and time as symbols of their freedom.
Work may become a form of self-medication,9 trying to make yourself feel better without addressing the real problem of insecurity, anger, depression, or emptiness.
> Many unhealthy compulsives did not achieve a secure sense of attachment in their families, and they’re often hyperalert to the possibility of being abandoned.