People reject ideas that threaten their sense of self, writes Trish Hall in Writing to Persuade. Therefore, writers should not make a reader feel bad if they want to convince readers of their ideas. This means not admonishing them, intimidating them, browbeating or bulling them, or otherwise blustering to a conclusion on an issue.
Writing to Persuade is in some ways a book on the lost art of manners - and it’s one we need right now, because the dominant narratives of those in power have long abandoned basic decency when talking about the issues that affect people. They instead focus on inflaming emotions through demonization, categorizing people into vilified subgroups, accusing those subgroups of aberrant behavior, inventing further differences, and otherwise browbeating, belittling and bulling people with faux facts and whatever else they have at their disposal. This dominant narrative has in turn, shaped how ordinary people discuss ideas.
Hall reminds us of the basics then of civilized discourse. Focusing on what you have in common with others and your shared values, being warm and friendly, avoiding upsetting people, understanding what people fear, and using social pressure (in the form of people they like who share your viewpoint, or people they don’t like who hold the opposite viewpoint), and never belittling others are all important to-dos in persuasive writing, Hall argues. Never repeat a falsehood when writing to persuade; instead firmly make the counterpoint in such a way that tugs at readers’ emotions.
Emotions are a huge part of persuasion, as Hall shows us, and emotions have a strong bearing on our decisions. Too much writing falls flat when it tries to remove emotion from the equation - because facts mean nothing if they do not effect us in some way. It is the persuasive writer’s job to build an emotional connection by fleshing out facts with stories that resonate with others.
The tools of fiction and narrative also come in handy when seeking to persuade. Hall suggests creating stories in your writing, using narrative techniques such as suspense, transformation, and vivid imagery.
Finally, be succinct, focus on one or two key points, avoid generalities, and ditch the jargon. Call for small steps toward the outcome you’d like to produce in the reader.
In five years of editing the New York Times Op-Ed pages, Trish Hall has seen all manner of arguments, and this book examines at what the most successful arguments that have appeared there do. She grounds her points in ample anecdotes, examples from the Times, and academic studies of persuasion and psychology.
Writers seeking to connect with readers will find Writing to Persuade a primer on making arguments, served with a side dish of pop psychology. Writers with some background in persuasion, decision-making, or behavioral science will not find a lot of new material. However, a reminder of the basics of civilized discourse is something everyone writing anything about the state of the world could use a refresher course in these days.