“Grandissime” means “most grand,” in a Latin-French-fusion sort of way; and therefore, “Grandissime” serves as an appropriate surname for the family of Louisiana grandees whose saga is chronicled by the New Orleans writer George Washington Cable in his 1880 novel The Grandissimes.
George Washington Cable has often been called the first modern Southern author, and his turbulent life conveys the historical and cultural movement of his region from Old South to New South. Born in 1844, the then-18-year-old Cable saw his native city of New Orleans occupied by Union forces in 1862; one year later, he passed through the lines and joined the Confederate Army. As a private in a Mississippi unit of rebel cavalry, he served courageously and sustained two battle wounds; but in the post-Civil War years, he came to question the racial norms that had propelled his region into the Confederacy. That questioning spirit found its highest expression in the short stories collected in his first book, Old Creole Days (1879), and then in his first novel, The Grandissimes.
Writing in the post-Civil War years, Cable sets The Grandissimes in another time of transition from Louisiana’s history – the era of the Louisiana Purchase (1803), when the city of New Orleans, the future state of Louisiana, and the rest of the vast Louisiana Territory passed from French to American sovereignty. As Cable’s narrator puts it, “It was the year 1804. The world was trembling under the tread of the dread Corsican. It was but now that he had tossed away the whole Valley of the Mississippi, dropping it overboard as a little sand from a balloon, and Christendom in a pale agony of suspense was watching the turn of his eye” (p. 204). This change in sovereignty was distinctly unwelcome to many members of Louisiana’s Creole elite – as surely as the fall of the Confederacy, the end of slavery, and the restoration of the Union had been unwelcome to many white Southerners in Cable’s own time.
In the midst of this tense time of change, the reader is introduced to the Grandissime family and its tangled history through the introduction of an outsider character – one Joseph Frowenfeld (a German-American, like Cable himself), who emigrates to Louisiana after the Purchase, as many other Americans had done back then, in search of new economic opportunities.
He finds those opportunities, but he finds much else as well, starting when he is befriended by one Agricola Fusilier, a planter whose name (agricola is Latin for “farmer,” and fusilier is French for “rifleman”) bespeaks his status as a personification of the Old South’s agrarian/military mindset. Through Agricola, Frowenfeld gets his introduction to the socially prominent Grandissime family, and – fatefully – to the story of Bras-Coupé, an enslaved African prince whose tragic story binds together all of the characters in the novel.
Frowenfeld experiences some initial confusion when he hears about someone named Honoré Grandissime; and that confusion is understandable, as The Grandissimes features two different focal characters who share the same name of Honoré Grandissime. One Honoré Grandissime is a white Creole, a descendant of the original French and Spanish aristocracy that first colonized Louisiana. The other Honoré Grandissime is a free man of color (or f.m.c.), a descendant of illicit unions between the Creole elite and enslaved Africans. Both Honoré Grandissimes are wealthy and influential individuals in their society; but while the Creole Honoré enjoys all the advantages denoted by white skin in the antebellum South, the f.m.c. Honoré occupies an amorphous status – blessed with wealth, but with social status limited by his skin color.
This odd feature of the novel provides context to moments like the one when Agricola Fusilier is stabbed by a mysterious assailant, and the Creole Honoré says to Frowenfeld that “at first I thought [the assailant] was the other Honoré” (p. 101). And it no doubt reflects the widespread late-19th-century interest in the idea of the divided self; Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published just six years after The Grandissimes. But as a literary conceit, it errs on the side of being precious.
The main conflicts in The Grandissimes are twofold. The Grandissime family’s entire fortune rests on assets that were unjustly taken from another Creole family, the De Grapions; the last two members of the De Grapion family, the beautiful Aurore and her equally beautiful daughter Clotilde, live in genteel poverty, and scrape by as best they can. This seems as good a place as any to mention that the Creole Honoré is in love with Aurore, while the outsider Frowenfeld is in love with Clotilde. Cable always seems to have felt that he needed to spice up his story with a love subplot, even if sometimes clumsily.
The main arc of the novel’s narrative centers around the Creole Honoré (whose name, after all, means “honor”) bringing himself around to do right by the wronged De Grapion ladies – even if it risks the Grandissime fortune, and even if it means that his disgruntled relatives will dismiss what the Creole Honoré has done by saying, “We can only say, ‘Farewell! He is gone over to the enemy’” (p. 303). The Creole Honoré does not want anyone to think that he is doing so out of love for Aurore – causing his friend, the tuberculosis-stricken Doctor Keene, to protest that the Creole Honoré has “perpetrated a lot of heroic behavior that would have done honor to four-and-twenty Brutuses; and now that you have a chance to do something easy and human, you shiver and shrink at the ‘looks o’ the thing’” (p. 301).
In the meantime, while all this romantic intrigue goes on among the novel’s white characters, Cable provides regular reminders of the much more difficult lot of African Americans in this antebellum setting. Black characters in the novel are beaten, tortured, maimed, murdered – all of it in accordance with the astonishingly cruel “Slave Code” that had existed in French colonial Louisiana, and was retained in most of its aspects once Louisiana became part of the United States of America. It is a singularly subversive means by which Cable offers social criticism of the Southern racism of his time.
Because Cable was critiquing slavery, fifteen years after slavery had been done away with, his ventures into social criticism in The Grandissimes were considered acceptable, and Cable was lauded as the first great writer of the post-Civil War South. Later in his career, when Cable turned his attention to the segregation system of his own time, and to the ongoing prejudice and violence against African Americans throughout the South, the white South turned on him, and he was compelled to leave New Orleans with his family and relocate to Massachusetts. Yet his portrait of New Orleans and Louisiana in The Grandissimes – with its passages of rich description, its painstaking re-creation of the speech patterns of Louisiana Creoles – lives on. It is a powerful, nuanced, multi-layered novel that brings to life the beautiful, dangerous, paradox-laden social setting that was, and is, New Orleans.