I was impressed by Joseph Campbell in the documentary The Power of Myth (which I listened to in a format very similar to current podcasts – 6 one-hour interviews with a theme of their own) and then I also listened to The Hero with a Thousand Faces, in which he talks about the monomyth, the idea that the myths of all civilizations can be made to fit into a few common archetypes. Fun fact: George Lucas was a fan of Campbell, and the original Star Wars trilogy follows such an archetypal "hero's journey."
Now, those somewhat closer to anthropology will point out to me that his interpretations truncate the original accounts to make them look alike, that the idea of archetypes smacks of Jung, and that he didn't do much fieldwork, instead using the accounts of various anthropologists to build his concepts (so second and third hand to the source material - I hope he credited them, since I don’t remember anyone making such accusations). I get it. Thereupon my choice of book.
What appears in this book is second-hand material, collected by various anthropologists and folklorists and brought here together under a few common themes. Problem is, I just wasn't prepared for a scale of values completely alien to modern sensibilities, like revenge stories, women treated like goods, or even worse, like a curse, and a pervasive lack of trust between people. Interestingly, no chapter deals with morality. We have Tricksters, Monsters and magic, Justice, and the last chapter is Lost and found. The stories grow in complexity and the society depicted also grows in complexity, from the personified animals of the early parts to the stratified society, under tribal/clan chiefs all the way up to the sultans, of the later stories.
A very interesting aspect is that in the absence of justice, whose main role is to give value to human interactions, language is purely functional. What is said, what is declared, cannot have any truth value, but is only a means used to achieve a goal. What we call lying or cheating is one of the means used by the characters, like the strength of arms or other physical characteristics, to achieve their goal: to eat, to get rich, to defend their family or wealth. Coming back to it, justice, in these tales, describes exchanges of all kinds: what a character receives as a ransom from the one who killed a relative or what is the punishment for cruelty to animals. There are no instances of regret or remorse or shame. Everything happens, almost nothing is experienced.
I was a little scared by these tales, honestly. I was also puzzled and now I find myself to be a bit more interested in morality. I also have a better understanding of what Joseph Campbell’s critics have pointed out. You can create a hero’s journey from some of them, but it’s not really that universal archetype that Cambell had me believe. The hero doesn’t turn into a monster and subsequently gets punished for it in Campbell’s tale.
Unrelated to what I said above, I just want to mention that the author is in fact the one who made the illustrations at the beginning of each story. Born in the USA, with Kenyan and Trinidadian roots, in her works she combines human or animal silhouettes in hard, black strokes or colors from an earthy palette, with areas covered by more or less traditional motifs, but definitely with African roots. The result impressed me. It is easily recognized as African art, even very close to stereotypical African art, but the combinations are very fresh.