Iran: A Modern History by Abbas Amanat, is a magisterial history of modern Iran, starting in the Safavid era, and moving up to the present. This book examines the history of Iran in various stages of its modern history, examining at whole how the idea of Iran as a nation-state emerged, and its history of both imperialism and colonial threat it experienced during this era. The literary figures, philosophies and everyday situations of its people are examined, with spurts of longue durée history as its foundations, and with an eye for telling the story from a non-Western perspective. This book is a welcome addition to a growing collection of national histories written by people from their own country, with excellent accompanying details, refutations of past historical tropes offered in Western history, and a more neutral political stance toward modernity.
The Safavid era was fascinating to read with, and begins the book. This was an empire forged by Shia Turkic peoples from Ardabil, who were fleeing persecution from the Sunni Ottomans. Zealous warriors, they looked east to build their domains, and eventually found success invading and consolidating their rule across modern Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus Mountains, and into Afghanistan. They would centre their empire first in Tabriz, in modern day Western Azerbaijan, and eventually moving it to Isfahan. Tabriz was the cultural, political and economic hub of northern Iran. It served as the Safavid capital for many years, but was also vulnerable to continued Ottoman advances into the region. The Safavid's, much like their sister empires in Istanbul and Delhi, were bound by a tripartite competition and cooperation over centuries. Trade and cultural exchange flourished, and Iranian literature, political thought and splendor were legendary. Even so, the Safavids were bound by the peripheral areas of their neighbouring empires, and little expansion past their original boundaries took place. Areas outside of the central domains of Iran included parts of the Caspian and Aral steppes, the areas around Herat in Afghanistan, and light control over modern Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia in the Caucasus', as parts of the Arabian Coast, most notably Bahrain. Control of these areas was light, and would be ripe for colonial exploitation by the growing Russian and British entities.
This book also contains in depth examinations of the development of political and philosophical ideologies in Iran. State control in Iran was closely tied to the approval of Shia Ulama, who had their own political objectives. Although doctrinally, these scholars of Shia Islam were quite conservative in nature, their allegiances would vary, whether it be to the Ottoman state in Karbala and Najaf - two of Shia Islam's holiest cities, to the people of a particular city, or tow the Safavids' themselves - or for personal gain, for that matter. The interaction between the Ulama and political class in the area was cooperative at the same time as being in opposition, as those in power sought to compete for resources, influence and control of the organs of the Safavid state. This situation would change in the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as Iran looked to defend itself from the encroachments of British and Russian imperialism, and the political philosophy of the region changed. This would come about with the collapse of Safavid rule, and a fracturing of Iran's political domains. Civil conflict over the late 18th century and into the 19th century was the norm, with a short lived restoration of sorts under the Qajar's. This was a time of strife in Iran, but also a time of development both in terms of nationalist identity for an Iranian sphere, and in terms of politics. The lower classes of Iran began to agitate for more power under the yoke of both imperialist expansion externally, and long strife and civil conflict internally. This would lead to a constitutionalist movement into the early 20th century, which was short lived and struggled to maintain the balance between encroaching British interests along the Arabian coast and from India, as well as Russian expansion into Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. The state itself struggled to implement reforms that would be palatable to the lower class', the clergy, and the competing elite. Spheres of power arose around Tabriz, in Isfahan, in the south, and in Tehran, and peripheral territories in the steppes, in Afghanistan and in the West were lost for good, with Iran's national borders largely emerging and remaining intact to this day.
The book then examines the modern history of Iran, from the struggles of the constitutionalist era, and American and British imperialism in the early 20th century, the emergence of oil as a key factor in Iranian politics, the struggles of Iran in the World War eras, and during the Cold War. The emergence of the Pahlavi dynasty was interesting, and its struggles and adherence to American foreign policy. The complex social issues emerging in Iran during this era, revolving around the suppression of the religious elite, the emergence of new identities and voices in politics, and the struggle between rigid neo-liberal autocracy on one hand, and socialist influences on the other, culminating in the collapse of the Pahlavi state, and the emergence of modern Iran as a theocratic nation. The complex factors and allegiances of this revolution were interesting, and the results rigid opposition by the United States, leading to further entrenchment and isolation of the Iranian state. Even so, economic progress in the nation has been rather large, considering the hostility of Western trading interests. Much like modern Russia, which seems to have built some capacity to withstand Western sanctions, Iran has long been under the yoke of such economic isolation, leading to the inevitable retrenchment of conservative elite as they seek to stamp out opposition and direct the economy with limited resources, while maintaining power.
A fascinating book, well written and researched, and refreshing for its perspective. The historical perspective here is one of neutrality, with an attempt to not coopt history to suit modern historical narratives. Instead, a long look at Iran leads to the thought that many factors have not changed much - a similar issue that arises in most societies and nations globally. It also places Iran firmly in its geographic and historical sphere, while examining the effects of growing global interactions that began to take place at the beginning of this chronicle, and accelerate as time moved on. A great read through and through, and easily recommended to anyone looking for a good one volume history of modern Iran, that focuses on Iran itself, and not only the global actors that surround it.