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Resisting Babel

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If the kingdom of God demands exclusive allegiance, how do followers of Jesus engage with a world shaped by political power?

After the trauma of the Civil War, David Lipscomb, a Nashville farmer and church leader, advocated for allegiance solely in the kingdom of God rather than in human governments. Resisting Babel tells the story of Lipscomb's compelling, coherent, and eschatologically grounded vision, which fostered deep and significant religious reform in the United States and led to missionary zeal across the globe. That vision articulated a way forward for Christianity amidst the world powers, though it was later subverted by those powers, both by its own implicit assumptions from within and the overwhelming forces of Babel without. What happened among Churches of Christ during that time serves as a case study and parable of both possibility and warning for the modern church.

In this new book, Hicks has assembled the leading voices on David Lipscomb. Contributors
-Richard T. Hughes, Scholar in Residence at Lipscomb University, is the leading historian of Churches of Christ and has authored the standard work on its history.
-Richard Goode, professor of history at Lipscomb University, has written about and practiced Pilgrim political theology, which is indebted in part to David Lipscomb.
-Lee C. Camp, professor of theology at Lipscomb University, is a leading ethicist among Churches of Christ.
-Joshua Ward Jeffery, AP History teacher at the Orme School in Mayer, AZ, is a leading historian of the relationship between pacifism, the church, and World War I.

Though little known outside the Stone-Campbell churches of North America, David Lipscomb has exerted profound influence on millions of Christians around the world. This set of essays by a first-rate assemblage of scholars seeks to help us understand an underappreciated aspect of [David Lipscomb's] life, thought, and writings - his political theology, which was prophetic and profound - and apply it critically to our own day and age. It deserves a wide reading, and Lipscomb himself deserves far more attention from students of American religion and public life.
- Douglas A. Sweeney, dean and professor of Divinity, Beeson Divinity School, Samford University

Resisting Babel provides a concise introduction to Lipscomb's social and political legacy that is both sympathetic and critical. In so doing, it provides valuable resources for all disciples aspiring to bear faithful witness to the inescapably political gospel of Jesus Christ. Campbellites of all stripes have forgotten why and how to resist the Babels of our day, and if we don t snap out of such amnesia, we'll have little resources for resisting the declining relevance of our churches.
John C. Nugent , author of Endangered Gospel and The Politics of Yahweh , and cohost of the After Class Podcast

At a time when many American Christians unquestioningly affirm patriotism, nationalism, and partisan politics as spiritual values, David Lipscomb's voice rings out as one crying in the desert. His radical views on the relationship between Christians and civic government find renewed relevance in today's society. These writers have done a great service to the modern church, better preparing her to engage the current American political system.
Timothy Archer , Director of International Ministry, Herald of Truth, Abilene, Texas

160 pages, Paperback

Published March 10, 2020

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John Mark Hicks

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Profile Image for Conrade Yap.
376 reviews8 followers
July 10, 2020
This book gives us a collection of articles that looks at David Lipscomb's political theology summarized as follows: "Human government is still Babel - confusion, strife." From the study, one learns to distinguish human government from kingdom rule; understand the limitations of human politics; and to remember that allegiance to God and loyalty to government does not necessarily mean the same thing. Richard T. Hughes shares the background that leads to Lipscomb's position. Hughes is quick to rebut a modern example of leaders using the Bible for their own political ends, ignoring the trajectory of Scripture that teaches us not to let human governments usurp the position of God. John Mark Hicks states Lipscomb's idea as follows: "Submit but don't support." He points out the historically different political stands according to the different theological persuasions. The Institutional view (Roman Catholic) holds that churches should ally with world institutions to control and use the institutions for common interests. The "Two Kingdoms" (Protestant) holds that the success of the political regime is essential to the success of the Church. The "Conflicting Kingdoms" (Anabaptist/Mennonite) holds that the Church and the world are to be separate and distinct. As far as Lipscomb is concerned, there is a difference between supporting a government's work versus imbibing the "power's spirit." The operating principle is to witness and embody justice in this world in a manner that is "without coercion, disorder, or violence." Hicks follows up on Lipscomb's political theology with a case study on the ills and evils of racial segregation. The Church is to be the center of "reconciliation, peace, unity, and healing." Lipscomb connects modern slavery with divine punishment. His thinking evolves from seeing slavery as God-ordained to abolishing it gradually in favour of freedom for all. In a nutshell, Lipscomb may not be as fast as we would hope to abolish slavery, but he was surely progressing in the right direction toward eventual freedom for all.


Richard C Goode's article pushes the role of the Christian whether it should be a "Peaceable Pilgrim" or a "Christian Anarchist"? Key to the discussion is the phrase in the Lord's Prayer, "Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven." Goode brings in three political theologies to guide us: Realist, Transformationist, and Radical Political theologies. He then maintains that Lipscomb's theology tend to be radical and gives reasons that both the "peaceable pilgrim" and the "Christian anarchist" are radicals. Its a thought-provoking article that some readers might find disturbing. It expands the "Christ and Culture" paradigms first popularized by Richard Niebuhr. He compares the examples of Dorothy Day's "self-suffering resistance" via acts of civil disobedience, and Clarence Jordan's "demonstration plot," and highlights the two different ways of peaceful protests. Simply put, Day's approach are characterized more as resistance while Jordan is more of love. The first task of a "Christian anarchist" is to expose the ethical ills of government, which both Day and Jordan had tried to do. Their means might be different but their ends are the same. He finds that Lipscomb in spite of his radical political theology, is actually a peaceable pilgrim.

Joshua Ward Jeffery looks at one of David Lipscomb controversial phrases, that those who voted for the powers to be are "bound to maintain" them in their position, and also be responsible for the consequences. Using the example of Woodrow Wilson, Jeffery marvels at how a president voted in for the purpose of avoiding conflict, ends up bringing America into the war. The Churches of Christ was initially opposed to war but over time, their vision of "apocalyptic worldview" was weakened with the context of the First World War. Yet, the political establishment were able to turn the cultural tide from pacifism to activism. Through intimidation and open threats, many anti-war voices were silenced. One of the key reasons for this is because of the loss of a champion: David Lipscomb.

On a more optimistic note, Lee Camp examines the traditional old vs new paths of political theology before discussing six elements of Lipscomb's political theology. Arguing for non false divisions of the gospel and the political, he then raises four specific points for contemporary application. One of his arguments was against Richard Niebuhr's "Christ and Culture" dichotomy where he accuses Niebuhr of doing the Church a "disservice." He insists that instead of an either/or paradigm, adopt the both/and paradigm in the context of "God's will be done on earth as it is in heaven."

My Thoughts
There are several rich insights to the political and theological thoughts of David Lipscomb, the founder of Lipscomb University. Tracing the historical events with regard to the relationship between Church and State, as well as the evolving political-theological thinking, it is hoped that this book would speak into our "politically charged present." The different viewpoints help us appreciate the complexity of the relationship between the Christian community and government. We learn that there are no simple answers. We need to learn to nuance the relationship in a manner that reflects the phrase in the Lord's Prayer: "Thy Will be done on earth as it is in heaven." How do we influence society for the sake of Christ? When do we pull back? How do we push forth? Is there a peaceful way to register our disagreement with government policies? By showing us how Lipscomb's thought speak into the past cases of racism, slavery, segregation, and political struggles, etc.

The contributors are spot on when they call our current times a "politically charged" era. People of faith are increasingly being involved in politicking matters while leaders in America are trying to curry support from their religious supporters. Many of the church leaders who get involved are well-meaning people wanting to practice their faith in the marketplace of politics and social justice. For all the good intentions, the rationale for getting involved tends to be vague and simplistic. At the heart of it all is the element of trust. Do we trust only in the politics of the day to save us? Are we putting our faith in God when we lobby radically for change? How do we know how much is too active and how little is too passive? We need more guidance with regard to this and this book provides us a good measure of guidance. Some of the helpful ones include:

Hughes's and Hick's call for us to obey God rather than man. Thus supporting government does not necessarily disqualify the right to resist when there is a need to.
Knowing the tendency of some mainstream theologies toward a political stance. This provides a starting point toward better understanding of the convictions of these diverse theological persuasions.
Recognize that politics and theology do not produce cookie cutter binary clarity. Just because one takes a certain position does not necessary mean it is anti-whatever. Put it another way, resistance can take different forms. We do no necessarily resist by becoming the anti-thesis of the opposing platform. We can resist by active engagement to help them to consider (or re-consider) different positions on the table of negotiation and dialogue.

Finally, I am reminded of Ps 146:3, which is a call for us not to put our "trust in princes, in human beings, who cannot save." We resist Babel not for the purpose of resistance. We resist out of a desire to be a witness for God, that people will eventually know that there is only One who truly saves: Jesus.

John Mark Hicks is professor of Theology at Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee. He has taught for 38 years in schools associated with the Churches of Christ. Joshua Ward Jeffery is the chair of the Department of Humanities at the Orme School, Mayer, Arizona. The other contributors, Lee C Camp, Richard C Goode, and Richard T Hughes are professors and scholars at Lipscomb University.

Rating: 4.25 stars of 5.

conrade
This book has been provided courtesy of Abilene Christian University Press and NetGalley without requiring a positive review. All opinions offered above are mine unless otherwise stated or implied.
Profile Image for Keith Pruitt.
Author 40 books
May 14, 2020
Years ago I read with a great deal of interest David Lipscomb's book Civil Government. In that book, Lipscomb details his opposition to a Christian taking part or being associated with governments. His puritanical concepts looked at government as an evil working of Satan. While he believed Christians had an obligation to pay taxes, he did not believe a Christian could do anything else having to do with government like work, hold public office, or vote. He believed that the bible was political, and that the only kingdom to which a Christian could pose loyalty is the kingdom of heaven.

Resisting Babel, is a review of Lipscomb's views in this regard edited by John Mark Hicks of Lipscomb University. The writers are all professors at the University bearing David Lipscomb's name. Heavily referenced, the book does an excellent job in presenting what they claim to be the dominate position of those in the Stone-Campbell restoration movement. This book presents a much broader examination of the controversial teaching than I've seen prior. The concept of puritan isolation from government was a tenet of Lipscomb's preaching and caused him great derision from government. WWI was the point at which many in the church abandoned the doctrine, according to the authors, under intense government persecution which singled out peace groups like the Church of Christ which in 1917, the year of Lipscomb's death, was just being separated out in government states from the Disciples of Christ.

However, I'm not convinced that this was as widely held among Christians during the Civil War period as would appear from their writings. For example, James Garfield, who was a member of the Disciples of Christ, was a military leader in the Civil War, office seeker, and finally elected President of the United States. While he was a part of a different branch of the Stone-Campbell movement, he certainly was part of that movement and a contemporary of Lipscomb and even preached in Nashville.

The book is a timely reminder, however, of the true focus that should be in the allegiance of every Christian. Today, when conservative politics and evangelical devotion seem intertwined, conflicts have arisen in churches of Christ over political issues causing divisions among brethren. I believe the authors may be attempting to remind the flock of the true nature of Christianity and of our historic roots in this movement.

There are some fringe biblical concepts that are touched upon by some writers, such as establishing biblical authority, the extent to which God's will is to be done on earth as it is in heaven and the precise meaning of that, and the main discharge of duty incumbent on individual Christians. There are very few who hold Lipscomb's position today.

Of great interest was the discussion of race issues dealing with both Lipscomb's ownership of slaves, the extent to which the Lipscomb family went to free some of their slaves (of course they were all freed following the civil war), and how segregation in the Nashville churches was fought against by Lipscomb (a battle he lost). The application of this part of the conversation is as pertinent today as it was then. Not much has changed except the institutionalizing of segregation in the churches of Christ.

The book is a worthy read, although in many respects troubling. As a historian, preacher and political activist (and former politician) I oppose the concept that Christians cannot be a part of government, vote, or hold office or work for the government. The one concept not actually fully presented by the authors is the nature of dual citizenship. The one example of Paul appealing to Caesar would seem to disprove Lipscomb's assertions. But the book presents a goodly number of interesting concepts to consider, especially in today's environs.
Profile Image for Ethan.
Author 5 books44 followers
April 4, 2020
A series of essays regarding the political philosophy of David Lipscomb: its antecedents, its influence, its collapse among churches of Christ, and what ought to be its legacy.

Richard Hughes begins by anchoring Lipscomb in the "apocalyptic" tradition from Barton Stone and through Tolbert Fanning. John Mark Hicks, over two essays, details the nature of Lipscomb's political philosophy and uses his views on slavery and segregation as a case study. Richard Goode argues that Lipscomb fits into the tradition of the Christian pilgrim more than the Christian anarchist. Joshua Jeffery explained how the pacifist position of Lipscomb came under withering political persecution during World War I and how the view collapsed in churches of Christ. Lee Camp concluded with an assessment of Lipscomb's political ideology and its points of application and consideration for Christians today. The book also includes a chronological bibliography for Lipscomb and his political ideology.

The work does well at anchoring Lipscomb in the radical pacifist tradition, finding no real value in earthly government, finding it impossible to profess allegiance to a nation-state, considering voting an endorsement of whatever the candidate will eventually do, nonviolent in posture, yet in his apocalyptic stance certainly having a word to speak about the political issues of the day and seeking to identify with those with whom Jesus would have identified.

A lot of Camp's recommendations are very good, although Lipscomb can be faulted for not maintaining the tension about government in Scripture sufficiently. Romans 13 and Revelation 13 are both true at the same time: God empowers government for good, and those in it are corrupted by the Evil One and the powers and principalities for their own ends. Yes, God gave Israel a king in His wrath, and yet God's expected government of His people would feature King Jesus. Good can be accomplished through the coercive power of the nation-state, but it will not be the ultimate good which is accomplished in Jesus. There is a word of life which is to be spoken to those in government, but the Kingdom of God ought to remain transcendent of nation-states and their petty nationalisms, patriotisms, and partisanships.

A good resource for considering Lipscomb's political legacy, and all the more as the embrace of partisan politics is more and more exposed for the compromise and idolatry it is.

**--galley received as part of early review program
Profile Image for Jeff.
1,746 reviews165 followers
March 8, 2020
Fascinating. I'm admittedly a Christian Anarchist myself, but coming from the Southern Baptist Church... let's just say if they weren't in the Bible and they weren't a famous Baptist preacher, I likely didn't hear of any other Christian leaders of the first Millenium AD. So I had never heard of David Lipscomb, a late 19th century/ early 20th century leader in the Church of Christ denomination, before reading this book. Here, Hicks, Richard T Hughes, Richard Goode, Lee C Camp, and Joshua Ward Jeffery - all seemingly very learned historians on the subject at hand - discuss and dissect Lipscomb's beliefs and how they are reflected (or not) in the American Church today, both inside the Church of Christ denomination and within the larger community. If you're interested in this subject for any number of reasons, it is a fairly fascinating and illuminating discussion. But if you're not particularly interested in its subjects, you're probably not going to enjoy this effort as much, as it does tend to get quite academic and religious in its discussions. Still, I thoroughly enjoyed it and didn't note any overt problems with it, so let's end with a rating of "very much recommended".
Profile Image for Jeremy.
Author 9 books15 followers
April 23, 2020
I thought this was a great set of articles on David Lipscomb and his political theology from a top-notch set of scholars. In several chapters, it broke new ground and presented some historical context and assessment that I had not considered. The book not only stated the facts of history but provided helpful reflections for our current context and how we can learn from Lipscomb's political theology.
Profile Image for David Rawls.
94 reviews
March 30, 2020
This is a very thought provoking book on issues of nonviolence, challenging the right left divide and ways to engage the World with the Kingdom. I was very surprised to learn that many of the teachings of David Lipscomb and Barton W. Stone concerning their approach to nonviolence which was once a hallmark of the Resoration Movement is somewhat a faded memory.
Profile Image for Anne Marie.
334 reviews8 followers
April 11, 2020
This book didn’t speak to me like I thought it would. I don’t want to keep others from reading it. It just wasn’t for me.
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