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Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics

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In "Ecology without Nature," Timothy Morton argues that the chief stumbling block to environmental thinking is the image of nature itself. Ecological writers propose a new worldview, but their very zeal to preserve the natural world leads them away from the "nature" they revere. The problem is a symptom of the ecological catastrophe in which we are living. Morton sets out a seeming paradox: to have a properly ecological view, we must relinquish the idea of nature once and for all.

"Ecology without Nature" investigates our ecological assumptions in a way that is provocative and deeply engaging. Ranging widely in eighteenth-century through contemporary philosophy, culture, and history, he explores the value of art in imagining environmental projects for the future. Morton develops a fresh vocabulary for reading "environmentality" in artistic form as well as content, and traces the contexts of ecological constructs through the history of capitalism. From John Clare to John Cage, from Kierkegaard to Kristeva, from "The Lord of the Rings" to electronic life forms, "Ecology without Nature" widens our view of ecological criticism, and deepens our understanding of ecology itself. Instead of trying to use an idea of nature to heal what society has damaged, Morton sets out a radical new form of ecological criticism: "dark ecology."

262 pages, Hardcover

First published November 6, 2007

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About the author

Timothy Morton

82 books370 followers
Timothy Bloxam Morton is Rita Shea Guffey Chair in English at Rice University. They are the author of Dark Ecology: For a Logic of Future Coexistence; Nothing: Three Inquiries in Buddhism (with Marcus Boon and Eric Cazdyn); Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World; and other books.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 37 reviews
Profile Image for Tano.
3 reviews10 followers
October 9, 2012
EWN reads like a flirty confrontation between Zizek and Derrida, self-aware and ironic in its over-intellectualized pop-culture references and playfully useless in its deconstructive inversions. This isn't a text on the reimagination of ecology against the concept of nature, it's a text on how we might index and reveal the semiotic paradoxes of the history of nature-writing and its nature of writing. I expected more. It's great contemporary literary criticism, but it isn't ecology or ecosophy or even really eco-criticism, the title Morton applies to his own work. It's just plain old criticism, whose object-shift from text to nature is really just an illusion concealing the movement of nature from outside to back inside the text itself. We give him this shift and we're left with the bad kind of poststructuralism.
Profile Image for Daniel Petersen.
Author 7 books29 followers
November 23, 2016
Yes, it did actually take me a few years to read this book front to back. I kept putting it down, reading tons of individual articles by Morton, reading books by some of his cohorts like Graham Harman and Ian Bogost (both of whom couldn't be more opposite in style - so chummy and crisp and comparatively crystal clear). A dedicated and determined reader could get this book done in a week, but I suspect it would be challenging for anyone. The book meanders, to say the least. Morton has central points and tenets and there is a structure here, but all of that can be hard to discern. He claims in a later book that in the 21st century 'thinking is about to spill over the edge'. That's exciting in a way. But we're never going to be ready for such intellectual spillage. It's always going to be difficult at first. Morton's prose style and analysis seems to be trying to track with this new way of thinking that he calls 'the ecological thought'. It rhizomes to say the least. His arguments are like fractal root or branch systems, though sometimes even more like the effervescence of waves or shimmering of auroral lights. It takes some getting used to. It's pretty great at the article level. And even in this book it's exciting for paragraphs at a time, but I found myself constantly having to refer back to section headings and introductory remarks to remember just where I was at in his analysis. Even now. The book is closed, somewhat digested, and I'm still at something of a loss to sum it up or outline major points. That would require going yet again to the text and wrestling out something clearer than what's in the actual prose.

All that said, there are tons of individual ideas and remarks in here that are thought-provoking and exciting when it comes to thinking about ecology in richer, better ways. I look forward to following up with The Ecological Thought (2010) and Dark Ecology (2016). The former I've already read the introductory chapter to and it's a thousand times clearer and more organised than this book.

Impressions of what this book is about: we need to rethink our artistic engagement with the environment. Morton argues that we suffer from thinking of a monolithic transcendent being called 'Nature' when in fact something less containable and accessible is the reality. Thus, instead of merely mirroring our nonhuman surrounding with a deceptively immediate 'as I write this' sort of approach, we need to dig deeper with our words, our images, our poetics and discover that the fellow members of our ecology are 'strange strangers' (one of Morton's best phrases). Environmental writing needs to get weirder and embrace the poetically obscure and strange when describing the environment and our relationship to it. We've been 'tripping' for too long on a hippy version of interconnectivity and we need to get more punk and goth about it, embracing the dirtier, toxic elements of ecology, and seeing that even the 'prettier' stuff is utterly strange, an invitation to really try to get to know the ecological Other, and understanding that we'll never completely know it (here I might be straying slightly into Harman's thought and what Morton draws from it in later publications). Poetics of 'ambience' have misled us to some degree and we need to rethink and rewrite ambience in a way that includes the sorrow and melancholy of our wounded world. In one memorable passage, Morton likens the sound of existence to the tortured, melancholy, inhuman cry of the gruesome, shape-shifting extraterrestrial in John Carpenter's 1982 film The Thing. That's the kind of poetics we need, rather than 'beautiful soul' approaches (a term I believe he draws from Hegel).

Now I find all this emphasis on darker poetics quite welcome and invigorating. But I am left with questions about the evident joy or exuberance we may also see and hear in the strangeness of this planet's ecology and whether Morton's 'dark ecology' can accommodate that as well. I believe he addresses some of these kinds of questions in later works, so we'll see. There's much more to outline and engage with, but that will take a different kind of review. I think Morton is a very important thinker for our times. But I kind of doubt most people need to read this book. I believe he sums up and tightens what he says here in later works. For an introduction to his thought, I'd recommend the article "Here Comes Everything: The Promise of Object-Oriented Ontology" and the introductory chapter to his book The Ecological Thought.
Profile Image for Bettie.
9,977 reviews5 followers
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June 15, 2017
'A reckoning for our species': the philosopher prophet of the Anthropocene

A few years ago, Björk began corresponding with a philosopher whose books she admired. “hi timothy,” her first message to him began. “i wanted to write this letter for a long time.” She was trying to give a name to her own singular genre, to label her work for posterity before the critics did. She asked him to help define the nature of her art – “not only to define it for me, but also for all my friends, and a generation actually.”
50 reviews16 followers
November 28, 2008
To begin with a heads-up: the first chapter is actually about ambient music and aesthetic theory. not terrible or anything, but so crowded with name-dropping that the momentum is absolutely murdered. gets better as it goes along, but ends up by repeating Derrida's argument from Specters of Marx, i.e. take a global concept everyone's feeling ambivalent about (Nature, Marxism), critique it while addressing the related movements, advocates, and objects of study only in the most superficial way, then replace it with angst and indecision. No thanks.
Profile Image for Heather.
Author 6 books8 followers
June 25, 2009
There are some gem-like thoughts that are provocative on their own, but I wish he'd just written it as a series of aphorisms.
Profile Image for Zach Irvin.
178 reviews22 followers
April 10, 2019
I’m a fan of Timothy Morton. This is the second book of his I’ve read, the first being Hyperobjects. In this book he follows a similar method of presentation to his other works; he selects a set of terms, defines them, then focuses on a few and draws out their implications and interactions.

In this book, Morton argues that the way that we write about and talk about nature, rooted in Romantic notions of consumerism and capitalism, harms our attempts at ecological conservation. Thinking about nature as something “over there” separates us from the fundamental truth that there is not really an “over there” and that everything in the world is intimately connected. Even the “tree huggers” have issues. By focusing on Nature, these people forget the fact that humans and all the things we create are also a part of the ecology of the world. Morton tried to make this connection explicit through his idea of Dark Ecology. Morton makes the argument that we need to identify with the underside of ecology. The waste, the gross, sticky, dangerous parts of our involvement with the world. He argues that we need to choose to stand with and protect this world even though humans have poisoned it, and even though the responsibility cannot ultimately be traced back to any one particular person. To think in a truly ecological way, we can’t disown the clouds of radiation we have released, or the tremendous amount of carbon we have spilled into the atmosphere. We have to come to terms with those things and choose ecology anyway.
Profile Image for Branebrane.
1 review
December 4, 2021
Still baffled by the fact that this is considered one of the major works in the field of ecocriticism.
Profile Image for Tija Bija.
111 reviews6 followers
November 9, 2020
So I had to read this twice to get out of it the most, and will probably read it third time some years later for the missed “AHA” moments. At first it’s not so easy to adapt with Mortons writing style, because it’s beautifully layered with metaphors and philosophical and historical insights and also gives examples from art=/mostly literature scene. His ideas also stand on - giving the meaning through metaphors. And that is also the best way to explain experience of ungraspable nature, because nature is not just only that what our perceptions give to us, in most ways perceptions can lie, meaning we must acknowledge that our way of thinking is cookie cut by culture, language, etc. therefore we shouldn’t be so confident on “knowing” what nature is. The standard view is - nature is that all green stuff out there, right? and we must protect it, right? Protect from humans? protect from that, what is not in the nature category, right? .... humans versus nature, right?

Not many ask themselves the question of “what is nature” actually? Well the school teaches us this very well, right? This book really made me remember myself learning in kindergarten and school from books with those pretty images, illustrations and poems, catchy songs of nature, and nowthis book gives me a little mind-stroke experience of how we are possibly brainwashed without bad intentions at all. But still the naïve look on nature is that what alienate humans from actual nature and all that ugly stuff...that is nature too. So yeah, for many first time readers it may be hard to grasp s u c h ideas that are (plus) not given in direct sense, instead through Mortons word plays. Yet it's still more readable than Haraway!

If you use all your brain power in this work you can end up just like me, feeling helpless in my simulated mind that can at least now try to acknowledge in how romanticized way I am “programmed” to look at nature + speak about nature. So how to unlearn such possibly spoiled perception? Could I ever deeply (spiritually) feel the nature, that is not "nature" as a word? … As always after reading contemporary philosophies, I am left with just - "ok, now I know. ... now what?" - how can theory be brought in practice? Is it the role (and responsibility) of art, culture overall, to change our perception of nature? ...because "Ecology Without Nature" argues that is what brought us to here in the first place.

I really am fascinated by such authors as Timoty M., who can (yet with their culture cultivated brain) come up with such reality/thought provoking ideas on nature, that wish to deconstruct our modern society constructed nature without even going in a radically nihilistic path or getting lost in semiotic obstacles. The book is double fascination because it is not just an ecocriticism, it is ecocriticism on ecocriticism. And the new ecocritique for ecocritiques is called “dark ecology”. It's basically saying that - (true) ecology must be without nature. Without the conceptualized word “nature”. (~not spoiling further~) So yea, not so easy applicable in culture realm that blindfolds society to live in just a tiny image of nature and wants to categorize everything and have straightforward meaning of words for everything... and unfortunately I am one of them, living in the image.

If you are true fan of Romantic poetry, wilderness narrative and nature writing, nature lover, and so on, this might seem bitter and pretentious, and not relaxing at all.
Profile Image for sdw.
379 reviews
June 26, 2008
Abstract. Intellectual. Philosophical.

"the idea of nature is getting in the way of properly ecological forms of culture, philosophy, politics, and art" (1).

Chapter one examines art - the limitations of language for representing the environment - a balancing act between there is only language and there is always reality.

Chapter two provides a form of history - rather the rise of the idea of the world (or surrounding environment) in post romanticist writing.

Chapter three is about future potentials, "Ecocritique could establish collective forms of identity that included other species and their worlds, real and possible. It would subvert fixating images of 'world' that inhibit humans from grasping their place in an already historical nature"(142).

"the idea of place is not single, independent and solid. This leads to developing a new way of doing ecological criticism, which I call dark ecology. Dark ecology acknowledges that there is no way out of the paradoxes outlines in this book. Far from remaining natural, ecocriticism must admit that it is contingent and queer. I conclude by asserting that ecocritique, far from being hostile to deep ecology, is a form of 'really deep ecology.'"



Confession: I felt lost in a labyrinth while reading this book.

Profile Image for Thomas Fackler.
515 reviews7 followers
May 22, 2009
After a lot of paradoxical sentence-making Ecology Without Nature ended up being about the fact that nature is not something separate from existence. The pursuit of aestheticization of nature, that something out there to which we must escape or return, invalidates much of our struggle to communally bring ourselves under control and consciously develop a program of living within our means - that with which earth enriches us both to our benefit and to our peril.
Profile Image for Bennett.
52 reviews11 followers
September 11, 2012
sprawling but brilliant - one of the very few books on ecology and ctulure that I've read that isn't completely missing the point. Full of convincing philosophical perspectives on the roots of the major ecological and human crises, as articulated in mostly literature, but other cultural forms too.
Profile Image for Laura Walin.
1,848 reviews86 followers
July 6, 2018
In general, I don't like books which are written in such a cumbersome way that the argument is (next to) impossible to follow. 'Ecology without nature' is not an exception. I think (after one reading I cannot be sure yet) that Morton tries to say that as long as we (the humans) keep our distance from the nature and define it as separate from us, and at the same time as an object, we cannot really deal with the problems that we have caused to it. This idea I find appealing, but the style of Morton was unfrotunately very unappeling. Instead of showing the reader clearly the paths of his argument step by step, he talks in half sentences, insinuations, gives hints, and assumes a lot (a lot!) of background knowledge to the extent that it is not at all clear on what he bases his statements on. I may change my opinion about this book after a second reading, but I do prefer studies where the argument is so lucidly presented that I can get it in one go.
Profile Image for Alper Çuğun.
Author 1 book89 followers
May 12, 2018
elcphrasis, ecopoetics, Ecorhapsody, ecomimesis, Ecodidacticism, Ecopsychology

The words above should give you an idea of why reading this short little book took as long as it did. Morton's message along the lines that the idea of ‘nature’ is treacherous and mostly useless when we are dealing with modern ecology is valuable but could more succinctly and clearly be written in a quarter of the pages.

Also he keeps referring to any and every philosopher out there but quite regularly to Hegel and that is where I just zone out. Books should have a Hegel warning on them so the more practical thinkers among us know to give them a wide berth.

I think some other book of Morton may be a better entry point and frankly use of your time than this one is.
Profile Image for iana 🎐⠀.
22 reviews
August 20, 2025
Finished the book, but honestly I don’t get what it’s fighting for. Just tried it out for my loml

I told him I really tried to read it from his perspective and understand what he saw in it. It’s not just about humans at the center, but about the whole system, how we’re woven into everything around us. I noticed how the design perspective changes the way the environment speaks, and how living things all flow together.

It’s not usually the kind of book I’d pick up, but sitting with it felt good, like discovering it alongside him ~
Profile Image for Ava Chuppe.
20 reviews1 follower
September 25, 2024
I agree with some of the other reviews on here; I'm not sure why this is considered one of the chief works of ecocriticism. It's honestly all over the place. Felt more to me like a philosophy of art as a whole or just a general philosophical manifesto because it addressed anything and everything about the nature of reality and existence and all that. Honestly a conceited heap of everything and nothing
4 reviews
January 2, 2023
A few novel ideas buried in masturbatory and opaque prose. I don’t get the hype - he needs an editor, or perhaps a ghostwriter. Ecocriticism is doomed to be ineffectual if this is the sort of accepted work. No one will care.
Profile Image for Alicia.
101 reviews29 followers
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April 9, 2025
“Environmentalism worries that we are disconnected from the world. But what if one of the problems were this idea itself?… We are the world, unfortunately.”
Profile Image for Breanna.
52 reviews1 follower
June 2, 2025
Again, a text filled with great theoretical ideas and ways to rethink and approach nature and nature writing, but my god this man is verbose
Profile Image for Jane.
39 reviews
June 26, 2025
i think i understood like half of it? maybe a third. fun to read though! and good idea i think?
41 reviews1 follower
October 6, 2022
I will let the author speak for himself, as I believe the following passage captures the gist of the book.
"I have avoided the habitual discussions of anthropocentrism and anthropomorphism that preoccupy much ecological writing. These terms are not irrelevant. But they beg the question of what precisely counts as human, what counts as nature. Instead of pushing around performed pieces of thought, I have chosen to hesitate at a more basic level, to lodge my criticism in the fissures between such categories." - Timothy Morton, Ecology Without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics

As someone who has very limited exposure to postmodernism and has historically bounced off it, I think this book revealed to me what post modernism is and what makes it appealing:
"to put into question the idea of making a list at all... takes seriously the idea that truly theoretical reflection is possible only if thinking decelerates. This is not the same thing as becoming numb or stupid. It is finding anomalies, paradoxes, and conundrums in an otherwise smooth-looking stream of ideas... It is supposed to expose hypocrisy..."

The text intends only to point out things that are not resolved (it calls this exposing hypocrisy) and then sit with that. Confusion appears to be the unironic intention of postmodernist rhetoric. Inhabiting the world in a true state of confusion is a goal I can fathom, though I do not personally wish to put special effort into being confused. Even if this is the current state of affairs, I do not need to be reminded nor do I find it surprising or illuminating. I read books specifically to be led out of confusion, not into it.
Profile Image for Anne.
149 reviews4 followers
December 23, 2013
Really interesting provocative trio of chapters [sort of but not entirely feeling like a BOOK] that pairs well with Karatani Kōjin's writing/s on landscape and the rise of national aesthetics and subjectivity. The last third (Ch 3) gets a little inward-looking in its new and slightly halting anthemics--lots of name checking, not as much mulching through argument as I would like. (note: you're not ALLOWED to merely name-check The Big Lebowski when you make it turgid, e.g. ""since shamanism, to alter only slightly the immortal words of the Coen Brothers' film The Big Lebowski, treats objects like people." What?!? And similar throwaway lines about Apache and other "alt" ecologies are kind of goofball.) Enjoyed his focus on radicalising formalism & his thorough knowledge of Romanticism and Wordsworth, the consistency that lent to his examination of post-Romantic poetics via short-form forms like the poem (as opposed to novels). Wonder how particular kinds of phenomenology (which he embraces in an iffy way) may be differently available in modes that privilege things like allegory, more of a first-person plow through time, as opposed to lingering (pace Wordsworth) in its spots. I didn't 'get' his critique of noise music (who, precisely?) or Deleuze/Guattari--seemed a flatfooted and willfully literal reading of 'machines,' which surprised me. Maybe a symptom of the riff on cybernetics in general, which I found under-informed.
Profile Image for Luke.
924 reviews5 followers
June 29, 2023
I like some of his other works better in terms of relatability and conceptualization. I had to set this one down a few times. I am a huge fan. Dark ecology is a great one. This book is more robust and intimate to its own strengths and weaknesses.

To Morton, the self-deprecating NON!-post-modernist, (AKA post-modernist), we still live in the romantic era, and that can be something to cherish when it feels like art is dead. He’s taking on a monumental task to consider the way we think about the environment as a whole.

He does this in an almost conversational way despite it being a metaphysical endeavor. He does draw on Hegel philosophically but also pulls from a variety of writers about nature. His main point is well taken. There are truths in the authenticity of what nature has done to us! Our lack of focus, our trashed experiences.

We’re only going to miss the point if we cut out all the garbage and materialism that rules our lives. This is the main environment we live in now. Being genuinely curious about our present environment, materialist or otherwise, is going to provide the means of change.

Setting out unrealistic rallying calls into the void which ignore our own daily footprints is just digging a bigger hole.
Profile Image for Candy Wood.
1,207 reviews
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August 15, 2011
While I'm not sure Morton's approach to ecological criticism is as new as he thinks it is, it does provide much to think about. In his view, focus on poetic descriptions of nature creates an aestheticizing distance that diverts readers and critics from environmental problems. That means true ecology requires more ironic reading, and acceptance of the nonhuman as what it is rather than trying to remake it in our own image. For him, deconstruction is a powerful tool for doing this, and he clearly acknowledges his debt to writers like Derrida and Adorno. Through examples from what he defines as both high and low art, he makes the theory work. I was beginning to get annoyed with what seemed to be a dismissive use of "kitsch," applied to Aldo Leopold's Sand County Almanac and Tolkien's Lord of the Rings and the films based on the books, but a ten-page deconstruction of the term made clearer what he was doing. Close readings of a few key texts, especially Edward Thomas's poem "Adlestrop," Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and poems by Wordsworth, Blake, and Clare, also help establish his view of "dark ecology."
Profile Image for Jason.
37 reviews
July 30, 2011
Morton's theory of "beautiful soul syndrome" and his readings of ecological literature encourage us to embrace melancholy so that we can accept responsibility without regard to fault.

I applied dark ecology to my reading of Trouble on Triton by Sam Delany to elucidate the six elements of ambient poetics (rendering,tone, medial, aeolian, timbral, and the re-mark) essential to ecomimesis. Morton uses the word ecomimesis to describe nature writing, implying mimicry and Plato’s idea of the poet’s divine madness. Ecomimesis evokes a pervasive quietness (like a hush) that authenticates an atmosphere. The result of ecomimesis is a shared ambience called “nature”.

Instead of exclusive categories, these are intentionally vague and overlapping. As I went about identifying exemplars of these elements from Trouble on Triton, the ambivalence between categories revealed varying layers of significance and emphasized the foregrounding-backgrounding function.

www.jasonfmcdaniel.com
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