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Naval Institute Special Warfare Series

Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957-1958

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More than forty years ago the Central Intelligence Agency began a top-secret covert action campaign designed to hold Indonesia's left-leaning President Sukarno's feet to the fire and prevent a strategic crossroad from falling into the communist camp. In a fast-paced, engrossing narrative evoking the novels of John LeCarré and Graham Greene, the authors provide the first unclassified, detailed case study of an operation that has escaped public scrutiny for decades.

218 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2000

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About the author

Kenneth J. Conboy

25 books13 followers
Kenneth J. Conboy is a former policy analyst and deputy director at the Asian Studies Center in Washington, D.C., and author or coauthor of seventeen books, including The CIA’s Secret War in Tibet and Spies and Commandos: How America Lost the Secret War in North Vietnam and, most recently, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces.

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Displaying 1 - 6 of 6 reviews
Profile Image for Jerome Otte.
1,919 reviews
May 18, 2015
A slim but valuable history of the Agency’s operations against Sukarno, heavily based on firsthand accounts by participants, Agency documents, and to a lesser degree Indonesian sources. The author's research is pretty thorough and they cover all of the operation's many aspects in quite a lot of detail.

The story is not always easy to follow, mainly due to the geography of the region. As some readers may already know the operation was aided by Polish CIA assets whose origins can be traced to earlier CIA operations in Ukraine and Albania, and the narrative does dwell a lot on their origins (as well as some earlier and, at the time, ongoing CIA operations) which might annoy some readers.The authors do a fine job presenting the history of the operation, although they never really critique the rationale behind the operation or its impact on later events.

Interesting and well-documented.
Profile Image for Djadja Sardjana.
2 reviews
June 22, 2018
Pada bulan May 1955, satu bulan setelah Sukarno menjadi tuan rumah pertemuan Negara Negara Non Blok, Washington mengeluarkan kebijakan Amerika terhadap Indonesia di NSC 5518. Di dalam dokumen ini, operasi rahasia (covert action) disetujui untuk dipakai menumbangkan Sukarno jika Sukarno memberi kontrol kepada partai sayap kiri. Provisi pendanaan Partai Masjumi kemungkinan adalah penjabaran kebijakan NSC 5518.

Di dalam sebuah percakapan di Washington sekitar 1958, Militer attaché Indonesia untuk Amerika menyebutkan bahwa terdapat banyak tokoh dan pembesar di Indonesia yang siap untuk bangkit melawan Presiden Sukarno jika mereka diberi sedikit dukungan dan dorongan dari Amerika Serikat. Salah satu dari pembesar dan tokoh ini adalah seorang staff CIA yang kemudian melaporkan pembicaraan diatas ke Frank Wisner, Deputi Direktor Perencanaan (Deputy Director of Plans).

Attaché militer Indonesia kemudian kembali ke Indonesia dengan personalia CIA berkedok militer. Mereka secara bersama berhasil cukup mempelajari potensi kekuatan opposisi sayap kiri dan mendorong CIA untuk memulai operasi yang terbesar pada saat itu. Personalia - personalia itu kemudian menghubungi anggota militer Filipina, terutama Kolonel Valeriano, yang pernah bekerja sama dangan CIA dengan Ramon Magsaysay melawan pemberontakan sayap kiri Hukbalahap.

CIA dan kelompok kekuatan anti pemberontakan Filipina, pada awal 1958, telah mendirikan markas latihan 'special operation', yang diduga dipandu oleh pelatih dari Pasukan Khusus AD Amerika (United States Army Special Forces) dan memberi akses airport rahasia di pulau Palawan dan Mindano kepada pemberontak anti Sukarno di Indonesia.

Pada tanggal 9 Februari 1958, Pemberontak Letnan Kolonel Maluddin Simbolon mengeluarkan ultimatum atas nama pemerintah propinsi Sumatera Utara, menuntut pembentukan pemerintahan baru. Sukarno menolak tuntutan itu dan memerintahkan pemimpin TNI, Jendral Abdul Haris Nasution untuk menghentikan pemberontakan itu. Pada bulan Februari 21, TNI menerbangkan prajurit ke Sumatra dan memulai penyerangan. Markas pemberontakan di kota Padang dan Permesta mempunyai kedudukan kuat di semua daerah sampai ke Medan.

CIA mendukung pemberontakan di Indonesia melalui markas udara di Naha, Okinawa, dibawah kepemimpinan Ted Shanon. Fasilitas lainnya adalah di Taiwan, dimana pesawat pembom A-26 disiapkan untuk diterbangkan ke pangkalan di Filipina yang kemudian dipakai untuk membantu pemberontak di Indonesia. CIA, melalui stok senjata marinir dan angkatan darat Amerika, memberi 42.000 pucuk riffles. Pemberontak Indonesia yang telah dipersenjatai, kemudian dikembalikan ke Sumatra melalui air drop dari Filipina dan juga didaratkan dengan kapal selam. Pada bulan Mei 1958, sebuah A-26 yang dioperasikan oleh perusahaan penerbangan CAT Civil Air Transport ditembak saat operasi pengeboman dan pemberitaan penembakan ini menghentikan operasi mendukung pemberontakan Permesta.
17 reviews
December 18, 2025
It’s a very detailed and well-researched non-fiction book. It felt more factual and distant, especially after reading The Jakarta Method right before this one, which felt more personal and emotional in comparison. There were so many people (and countries) involved in the CIA’s operations in Indonesia, which made it confusing at times and hard to stay focused.
Profile Image for Miftahul Karima.
1 review
June 24, 2025
A book that provides a detailed explanation of the CIA's covert mission in Indonesia. Conboy wrote it from many perspectives of the parties involved. The writing style is also interesting so this book is fun and lighter to read!
Profile Image for kate tobin.
55 reviews4 followers
December 20, 2025
wrote a paper on how plausible deniability shaped CIA operational tactics in indonesia. super crazy stuff… they need to mind their own damn business!
Displaying 1 - 6 of 6 reviews

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