Is this what Russell is saying about Einstein on Relativity:
Uniform motion (staying at rest, or in straight-line movement) remains so unless the object is acted upon – it is subject to an accelerating force. Under Newton, gravity was thought to be that force (the attractive “action at a distance” characteristic). In contrast, Einstein said that, as spacetime is curved by a large gravitational mass, objects follow that curvature toward that mass’s center point. In formulating it this way, Einstein replaced Newtonian “force” with spacetime curvature and the movement of mass-energy toward its geometric center. (1)
If space is understood as a gravitational field (“fabric”) of mass-energy and their interactions, as both localized pockets of curvature and as an overall cosmic curvature (from the big bang), everything (objects, events; observers and their respective frames of reference) move relative to each other. Within these gravitational fields, states of equilibrium result, resolving the tension between inertial forces that resist deviating from a rest state or straight-line motion and acceleration forces (spacetime curvature created by the presence of large gravitational masses). (2) While gravitational effects are local and stabilizing (bodies find their respective equilibrium points), these sit within a larger gravitational field that creates broad-scale patterns of movement so that, at the cosmic macro scale, all is in motion.
Drawing from Einstein’s geometric paths in spacetime curvature, Russell discounts force as the source of cosmic motion. “Although ‘force,’” he writes, “is no longer to be regarded as one of the fundamental concepts of dynamics, but only as a convenient way of speaking, it can still be employed…provided we realize what we mean. Often it would require very roundabout expressions to avoid the term ‘force.’” This dismissal of force seems problematic. (3) Spacetime is curved by a large gravitational mass, and it is this dip in the “fabric “of spacetime that draws matter-objects toward itself. (4) As that drawing-in occurs from every direction, its center becomes a zero point where the paths of spacetime converge and, then, end. Large gravitational bodies, thus, have an indirect causative factor (“force”) as it is, as Wheeler stated, geometric curvature itself that creates these paths of motion. (5)
Is gravity, as said to be an attractive force, a legacy from Newton that misleads? While gravity itself is not an accelerating force, spacetime curvature is. Mass-energy flows toward a certain point and, as all bodies in localized spacetime move toward the center, is it not this that is characterized as “mutual attraction.”
Doesn’t inertial mass mean that the “cause” of motion lies equally within the object-mass itself, not just, Newton like, in an external accelerating force? And isn’t that internal movement either in a straight-line motion or a resistance to external accelerating forces that will cause deviation from its stable rest position or straight-line path? An object-mass “wants” to, positively, move and “wants to,” negatively, resist external pressures to modify its resting (position) or moving (kinetic energy) motion.
Isn’t the equilibrium point itself a force in the sense of moving toward and against to even out energetic differentials? This happens at the center of a gravitational mass where spacetime ends at zero. It happens where a large body incorporates a smaller body (to form gravitational masses), or when inertial mass finds its balance point (an evening out of energy differentials) via-a-vis the presence of other gravitational masses.
As a final point, are there not three forces that underlie and characterize all motion: internal, outward movement that has accelerating effects; the reaction to that movement that comes in the form of a countering movement; and, by the resolution of energetic differentials in some form of equilibrium state?
The other half of this book is about Einstein’s role in the micro world of quantum physics, but then, are not large gravitational masses collectives of congealed, concentrated mass-energy that have at the quantum level their own organizational structure?
(1) Rest and staying in motion is an odd combination, unless they are seen as two forms of stability, states of equilibrium, whether at rest or in motion. Also, as inertial motion affects other bodies, is this what is meant by gravitational mass (it has accelerating effects) and, per Einstein’s equivalence principle, is gravitational mass a product (consequence) of inertial mass?
(2) John Rigden (Einstein, 1905) writes that “the gravitational force is a consequence of the curvature of space. Interestingly, does spacetime unity reflect this equilibrium concept? On a broad, spacetime scale, are distance (x axis) and time y (the y axis) united at a 45 degree angle?
(3) Is this what Einstein had in mind (see Lincoln Barnett, The Universe and Dr. Einstein: He, Einstein, “rejected the idea of gravitation being a force that can be exerted instantaneously over great distances.” Force is explicitly not the Newtonian view of gravity and its spooky action-at-a- distance phenomenon but, rather, it is a “force” of a different kind (spacetime curvature is causative)?
(4) Einstein says other gravitational bodies follow such paths, but isn’t spacetime (and objects within it) itself subject to distortion warpage via the presence of a large gravitational mass?
(5) Per Wheeler, matter curves spacetime and space time tells matter how to move. Aren’t the curving and the “telling” causative, i.e. “forces”? Of course, this begs a larger question – why does matter (concentrations of mass-energy) have the power to curve?
(6) Also, could this also explain the overall cosmic structure: the big bang creates spacetime curvature, and it is this that draws mass-energy back to itself – not by contraction, but by straight-line movement, liberated from “gravitational effects,” that, in spacetime curvature, brings mass-energy around itself and back to the beginning?