Does a man’s art excuse his shortcomings as a person? What if those shortcomings take in actions that are illegal and morally abhorrent to the majority of people? Those are just two problematic questions that arise when considering the life and career of Austrian-German movie director, Fritz Lang.
Lang made some of the most influential movies ever made. He was also, if Patrick McGilligan is to be believed, a chilly and unpleasant man, and there are serious questions concerning the death of his first wife, Lisa Rosenthal. She walked in Lang while he was in bed with Thea von Harbou, soon to be his next wife.
What happens next is uncertain, but Rosenthal was found dead with a gunshot wound in her chest. The bullet was fired from a gun owned by Lang. The death was hushed up, as Lang was a major entertainment figure in Germany at the time, but was it death or suicide?
Nowadays the mere suspicion that a famous man performed violent or sexual acts against a woman, child or any person in a vulnerable or subordinate position is enough to put his career in doubt. At the present time, Woody Allen’s latest movie has been put on ice on the basis of allegations that he sexually assaulted his adoptive daughter, Dylan Farrow.
Just think what would have happened if such allegations had been enough to mothball or prevent the making of movies by other famous directors? If we took Tippi Hedren’s allegations of harassment made against Alfred Hitchcock seriously in the 1960s, we would not have had The Birds, Marnie or Frenzy.
If accusations about sex with a minor had been enough to destroy Chaplin’s career in the 1920s, there would be no Circus, City Lights, Modern Times or Great Dictator. And in Lang’s case, if the mere suspicion of murder was enough to damage his career irreparably, then M, Metropolis and The Big Heat would never have been made.
It has to be an agonising thought for movie lovers everywhere. I love all of these films, and would not wish to see any of them removed from the canon because of the appalling acts performed by the people who made them. I also firmly believe that men should not have the right to use their power to exploit and abuse others.
We might draw a line between a movie that has already been made. After all, a film is not just the work of one director. Much hard work and heart has been put into it by the actors, the crew and everyone around the film. Perhaps we should at least allow those to be released, and to continue to honour those movies that have already been made. But should we at least make sure that the offender never gets to make another film? Or is it wrong to allow a person’s private life, however reprehensible, to destroy their great public works?
It is an agonising question, but in relation to most of the accused men, there is one comforting justification for allowing their careers to continue – the accusations have not been proven. However much we may emotionally wish to lean towards listening to the victims or defending their rights, we cannot justly destroy a man’s career because he might have done something.
So Lang’s films can stay with us, but there are other questions. Lang was a notorious autocrat and bully behind the scenes. McGilligan’s book is full of stories of the appalling treatment that he handed out to his cast and his extras. In Metropolis, Brigitte Helm was forced to work up to her waist in frozen water, nearly burnt to death by flames and fitted into an appalling costume that caused her injury. Lang shouted at many of his lead actresses. The actors did not like him either. Henry Fonda detested him. Spencer Tracy and Peter Lorre refused to work with him again.
The question that arises is whether a director is entitled to push his film crew so hard in order to get a movie made. Undoubtedly the results of Lang’s early German films are impressive. Here Lang had total creative control, and a seemingly limitless budget that allowed him to make films on an epic scale. The beauty of these films remains with us always. Could Lang have made these films just as well if his powers were curtailed, and he was not allowed to tyrannise his crew?
This point becomes even more notable when we look at the American years. Of Lang’s three great works, two were made during his time in Germany (just over a decade) and only one during his American years (spanning three decades). Even the American great movie, The Big Heat, is nowhere near as influential or groundbreaking as the German greats, Metropolis and M.
It seems that after Lang hastily emigrated to America, his career never really achieved the same heights as in his German years. Gone was the time when he had virtually total control of his creative products. Now he had to contend with actors who were used to better conditions than the crew he worked with in impoverished inter-war Germany. He also had to deal with producers and film studios that constantly butchered his work.
While Lang often complained about the treatment of his work, I must feel some scepticism here. A number of directors such as John Ford or Alfred Hitchcock worked within the same movie system and yet made many great films. Lang’s problem was partly self-created. He antagonised film studios who tired of hearing complaints about how he treated his cast, and who were alienated by Lang’s habit of publicly criticising their handling of his films. Lang did not know how to handle the people he worked for or with, and so made enemies.
Yet was Lang uniquely awful to work with? There are plenty of stories of other directors bullying their cast too. Nonetheless many of those directors were able to win over a loyal cast and crew that they could take from film to film, whereas Lang won few admirers among the people who had to work for him.
The picture that McGilligan paints is of an unpleasant and lonely man, unable to have nurturing or lasting relationships with women, and unable to hold onto many friends. However I must raise a few quibbles about McGilligan’s interpretation of Lang.
One of the difficulties for any biographer is how to present their subject matter, and few biographers strike the balance between hagiography and hatchet-job. No matter how much many biographers claim to love the works of their chosen subject, they insist on digging up the dirt and finding all that is worst about the man or woman they are writing about.
McGilligan is no exception. I do not like Lang enough to write a whole biography about him, but I do like him enough to see many enjoyable features in minor Lang works such as Cloak and Dagger and While the City Sleeps. McGilligan sees no merit in them, perhaps too caught up in his narrative about how bad everyone thought they were at the time.
Worst of all, McGilligan appears to discount everything that Lang says in his defence while lending merit to every spiteful comment made about Lang by someone else. One man complains about Lang’s boasts about his sexual conquests among actresses, saying that they were mostly nymphomaniacs, and he had slept with a few of them himself. Are we really to take the word of a man who condemns Lang for the same things that he did?
Take a look at Lang’s famous story that Goebbels asked him to make films for the Nazis and Lang packed his bags and left Germany that night? The story is certainly untrue, and Lang seems to have had a number of meetings with Goebbels, and to have made a much slower departure from Germany?
Was Lang partly leaning towards Nazism? Certainly he was a proud German nationalist at the time. It seems more likely that Lang understandably did not wish to leave a country where his star was in the ascendancy, and try to start again somewhere else. His hesitation was understandable enough. It is equally understandable that a German émigré should embellish his tale to prove his anti-Nazism once he left the country.
Did Lang divorce Thea von Harbou because she was a Nazi, as he claims? It is true that both parties were having extra-marital affairs by this time, so perhaps a divorce was inevitable. Still McGilligan uses the fact that Lang did not mention von Harbou’s politics in his divorce papers as proof that this was not the reason, as if Lang would be likely to give that as a reason anyway.
The picture that McGilligan paints of Lang is that of an unpleasant man with few redeeming features, and I do not know enough to be certain if this is true. I suspect that there is room for a more sympathetic biography however, one which does not gloss over his faults but reminds us that this was a talented man, charming enough when he wanted to be, who made a great contribution to cinema.