ยอดมนุษย์นักกีฬา : มหัศจรรย์พันธุกรรมหรือสัจธรรมการซ้อม

by David Epstein, ธัญญารัตน์ ดอกสน (Translator)

ข้อสงสัยที่มีมานานเท่าประวัติการแข่งขันของมนุษยชาติ : สุดยอดนักกีฬาอย่างยูเซน โบลต์ , ไมเคิล เฟลปส์ และเซเรนา วิลเลียมส์ คือตัวประหลาดทางพันธุกรรมที่สวรรค์ส่งลงมาเป็นเจ้าสนาม หรือแค่คนธรรมดาที่เอาชนะขีดจำกัดทางชีววิทยาด้วยการฝึกซ้อมอย่างเอาเป็นเอาตาย

เดวิด เอปสไตน์ นักเขียนมือรางวัลแห่งนิตยสารกีฬา Sport Illustrated พาเราเดินทางรอบโลก ตั้งแต่สนามแข่งเอ็นเอฟแอลในอเมริกา ไปถึงลู่ดินฝุ่นฟุ้งในเคนยา และทะเลสาบน้ำแข็งในฟินแลนด์ เพื่อตอบปัญหาโลกแตกเรื่อง 'พรสวรรค์หรือพรแสวง' ในวงการกีฬาจริงหรือที่ว่าอยากเก่งต้องฝึกให้ครบ 10,000 ชั่วโมง หรือว่าคนบางคน ชนชาติบางชนชาติ มี 'ยีนกีฬา' ที่ทางธรรมชาติกำหนดมาโดยเฉพาะ

นี่คือหนังสือวิทยาศาสตร์ (ประวัติศาสตร์ การกีฬา ฯลฯ) ที่จะทำให้คุณมองวงการกีฬาต่างไป

Genres: Nonfiction, Sports, Science, Health, Fitness, Audiobook, Biology

472 pages, Paperback

First published August 1, 2013

About the author

David Epstein is the author of the #1 New York Times bestseller Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World, and of the New York Times bestseller The Sports Gene. His next book, Inside the Box: How Constraints Make Us Better, will be published on May 5, 2026. He has master's degrees in environmental science and journalism and has worked as a senior writer for Sports Illustrated and investigative reporter for ProPublica.

Reviews

[Jen · Rating 4 out of 5]

Is it an act of temporal thrift to stir one’s coffee with bare penis in order to expedite the dissolution of covalent compounds (i.e. sugar, cocaine, horse piss), and vouchsafe the phallic related esoterica of the Coriolis Force (i.e. when the black skin of a fresh cuppa' assumes a state of collective molecular concavitation to accommodate the crowd surfing antics of a turgid moose knuckle that then decides to initiate a violent circular mosh in which the glans is spinning like a sweaty t-shirt which clips you in the eye as you’re just trying to appreciate the irregular structure of guitarist Mårten Hagström‘s time signature buffoonery in order to write an academic paper titled: “You fuckin’ wot, mate?” With the tentative subtitle: Re-Casting Metal: Rhythm and Meter in the music of Meshuggah and you fucking W0T? Which causes you to spill your microbrew and scream: “GODDAMN! DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY INTERNATIONAL BITTERING UNITS YOU JUST CONSIGNED TO THE MUD, BUD!” Whilst insinuating yourself, with Brando-esque alcoholic physicality, right slap-dab in the nucleus of his most personal space, so that the darkness of your flaring nostrils totally occludes the possibility of escape or de-escalation, and all around you a force is being produced which acts perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of the left nut.), and subject the dick-ladleler to a rapid upregulation of heat shock proteins due to the acute hormetic stressor of going balls deep in the thermally energetic Best Part of Waking Up?

Hold that thought.

Have you ever, after a long hiatus from reviewing, decided to launch back into the fray (at great personal cost due to Elden Ring induced median nerve compression (i.e. Carpal Tunnel) which presents with the following symptoms: Pain, tingling, numbness (which heralds the kind of novelty that, almost surely, ensures excessive use of the phantom limb in the corralling of tadpoles (i.e. interrogating the suspect (i.e. giving Squidward the business (i.e. whipping poor Rick (i.e. playing the pink guitar (i.e. making your bed.), which forms a kind of masturbatory Ouroboros of self-sucking agony), and being dragged, against your will, by the possessed phalanges, into the kitchen wherein the animated hand then proceeds to explode ceramic vessels of all shapes and sizes across your face and head while you shout, most urgently, at your family, “The morphology of the distal phalanges of human thumbs closely reflects an adaptation for a refined precision grip with pad-to-pad contact!”), wielding your trademark incoherence like a colossal hammer in order to perform blasphemous alchemical feats of strength (i.e. fuse disparate concepts into ghastly chimeric alloys using kinetic energy sufficient to knock a basilisk’s balls through three shoeboxes full of dried semen and locust husks) and cram unbridled joy into the hearts, minds, and dilated orifices of the small, but dedicated, group of delinquents who are fortified against life’s Tom-Shittery by your routine violations of grammar, logic, and obscenity laws?

Regrettably, it’s that time in the review where I address the actual book.

People are built differently. This statement, which will strike everyone who isn’t ideologically blinkered by an extremist view of human development which presupposes that all variation is the product of environment, will appear rather banal and self evident (i.e. occupy that shelf of conceptual prosthetics we refer to as a contrunctification of both the common and sensible). For those who possess dander of insufficient elevation, I compound your irritation with this additional heresy: If presented with a hypothetical in which you must have your jaw jacked by a man or a woman, pulled from the global population at random, and, during your choice, you hesitate for even a moment, or utter: “Well, it depends…” You are, at best, attempting not to offend (whilst almost certainly incurring additional medical fees). There is an obvious answer to this question for the non masochistic. Likewise, if you have the bone structure of a small bird, you’re about as likely to become a Yokozuna as I am to omit needless words. If you can get past these obvious facts and want to learn more about the genetic variation which produces elite level athletes, this is a great book. If you’re lost and confused about the fact that you spent decades working up to a respectable four plate deadlift, only to have Billy enter the gym untrained and Zercher Curl that sumbitch like it owed him money, maybe you’ll be able to forgive yourself after reading this. If you spent all summer wearing your Ultra Strength Plyometric Training Shoes in the hopes of significantly increasing your vertical, only to find your (very marginal) improvement eclipsed by Sarah (who spent all her break eating popsicles, and tossing shurikens at drug addled possums (I don’t condone this.), look to science to assuage.

[David Rubenstein · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book is an exploration of many of the factors that influence the performance of top-flight athletes. The book starts out with a fascinating, attention-getting description of a challenge softball game. A pro softball team challenges a pro baseball team to a softball game. The young woman softball pitcher approaches the pitcher's mound, and her entire team sits down on the field! They realize that there is no possibility for any of the baseball team to hit the ball! And they are absolutely right--the opposing team never makes a hit! David Epstein explains why this happened, but while exceedingly impressive, the reason has absolutely nothing to do with genetics. It has to do with training, and the subconscious cues that ball players learn with lots of practice.

It used to be thought that fast reaction time is a useful prediction of future great baseball player. But now, it turns out, reaction time is not useful at all. The best baseball players have average reaction times. Instead, the most useful predictor is visual acuity. A good baseball (or softball player) uses his special visual acuity to view the pitcher's muscles during a wind-up, to glean a better estimate of the nature of the pitch.

This first two chapters are very reminiscent of the style of Malcolm Gladwell's Outliers: The Story of Success, and even mentions Gladwell's misunderstanding of the 10,000 hour "rule". But after this tangent, the book begins the real subject matter, the implications of genetics on the very best athletes. A central theme of the book is that each sport favors a different set of body attributes. Some sports favor short, stocky body types, others favor tall ones, some favor thin legs, others favor thick, muscular legs. A good sports coach will recognize when a young athlete is better suited to some other sport than the one he (or she) is presently practicing. The book is full of anecdotes where a good coach steers an athlete in some other direction, with wonderful results.

For example, a woman named Alisa Camplin who competed in gymnastics, track and field, and sailing was directed to aerial skiing. With her lack of experience, she was completely accident-prone as she broke a rib on her first jump, and hit a tree on her second. While she competed in the Olympics at Salt Lake City in 2002 she was like "a giraffe on roller skates." But she won a gold medal!

Another important theme in the book is the dichotomy between nature and nurture. Epstein shows that having the right genes is essential to becoming a top athlete in a sport. Practice and experience are essential for some sports, but not so much in others, as long as the right genes are present. The style of this book is truly wonderful. Epstein blends long, interesting anecdotes with good scientific explanations of physiology and genetics. I'm not a sports fan, but Epstein made the subject come alive for me.

[Otis Chandler · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very interesting and scientific book, highly recommended especially for parents. The book goes into the age old nature vs nuture question for what makes a successful athlete. And basically finds that both are required. Wsome people are more athletic than others for their given sport, and some people "respond" better to training. You need to both have the right body type AND be a high responder to reach elite - but you still have to train!

"The truth is, even at the most basic level, it’s always a hardware and software story. The hardware is useless without the software, just as the reverse is true. Sport skill acquisition does not happen without both specific genes and a specific environment, and often the genes and the environment must coincide at a specific time."

You also have to train enough to be able to be able to read the game at a glance. This requires lots of hours spent, whether its basketball or chess or any sport.

"elite athletes need less time and less visual information to know what will happen in the future, and, without knowing it, they zero in on critical visual information, just like expert chess players. Elite athletes chunk information about bodies and player arrangements the way that grandmasters do with rooks and bishops."

The book lays into the 10,000 hour theory a bit, made popular by Malcolm Gladwell in Outliers, saying that the time spent alone is not enough. A person also has to have some sort of genetic advantage, AND have the passion and focus to make those hours of practice as useful as possible. For instance, if I practice tennis with a mediocre player vs if I practice with Roger Federer or a top tier player, I'm going to progress at very different rates on those hours. So it's not just hours spent, there is a quality metric attached to it.

"The average students accumulated 1,382 hours of play and practice on their first instrument prior to entering the school, compared to 615 hours for the exceptional students, who only focused on one instrument and ramped up their practice activities later."

[JPDB23 · Rating 5 out of 5]

Wow, it is amazing these days what science and technology can conquer. I have to be a little bias on the fact that as much as I loved this book, David Epstein focused a little to much on his “running” fetish than allowing for more of a diverse approach to the multitude of sports genetics that could have been studied or mentioned. So truly, who was the bias one?

Nonetheless, I believe the world of epigenetic and genetic testing is just getting started. The level of technology is only in its armature phase of how much growth and potential it holds. I think if there is potential for growth in all aspects, than the sports world has yet to see its finest!

Stay thirsty my friends! Impossible is nothing, and the beginning has yet to begun on sports science!

[CoachJim · Rating 4 out of 5]

The introduction to this book states that in 2003 the completion of the Human Genome Project led researchers to look for the roots of human traits. Sports scientists looked for single genes that might influence athleticism. It was soon apparent that the effect of single genes was undetectable. Further studies sought to discern the interplay of “biological endowments and rigorous training.” This is the great nature-versus-nurture debate.

David Epstein is a writer for Sports Illustrated. Here he is trying to unravel the many factors that determine success in athletics. He opens by reviewing some famous athletic families where success in sports has followed a previous generation.

This leads to his examination of a genetic link to athletic success. He follows the genetic research being done to determine the role genes play and how the interplay of innate ability and practice affects athleticism. Scientists have failed to detect genes that might predict athleticism. When the sequencing of the human genome was announced it was supposed to usher in an age of “personalized medicine”. However, scientists were unable to even find a single gene responsible for the height in humans. It was obvious that human traits were much more complex.

The author reports that there is a stigma associated with genetic research. There are social implications that genes strictly determine certain human traits, which might lead to discrimination. There are also privacy issues regarding health and other conditions.

The “practice only” narrative to explain success, although appealing to our sense that anything is possible with hard work, ignores the contribution of innate talent. But he explains:

“Tests of innate physical ‘hardware’ — qualities that an athlete is apparently born with, like simple reaction time — had done astonishingly little to help explain expert performance in sports.”
(Page 6)

This brings in the discussion of Malcolm Gladwell’s “10,000 hour” theory that dedicated practice determines success in sports. This leads to the question that if only accumulated hours of practice matter, then why are sports separated for men and women. The answer to that lies in the presence of the Y chromosome.

The book does deal with quite a bit of science, and although the author does a good job explaining this in layman’s terms, there are sections that dive deep into genetics. For instance, consider the following:

This particular gene tells the body how to build the EPO receptor, a molecule that sits atop bone marrow cells awaiting the EPO hormone. If the EPO receptor is a keyhole, it is one made specifically to accept only the key that is the EPO hormone. Once the key is in the lock, the production of red blood cells proceeds. The receptor signals a bone marrow cell to start the process of creating a red blood cell that contains hemoglobin.
(Page 276-277)

This paragraph is part of a long section.

The author is a runner so many of his examples involve running or endurance sports. As such he describes the different muscle fiber types: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Fast-twitch fibers contract at least twice as fast as slow-twitch fibers, and are characterized as explosive movement. For athletics this translate into the fact that sprinters have more fast-twitch muscle fibers and long distance runners have more slow-twitch muscles fibers.

This is interesting when he reports that internationally sprint events have been dominated by Jamaicans in recent years. He links this to their heritage as coming from East Africa where malaria is common. That led to specific genetic and metabolic alterations of genes that protect against it. One effect was an increase to more fast-twitch muscle fibers, which are less dependent aerobic energy — a benefit in resisting malaria.

One of the last stories that Epstein relates is about Eero Mantyranta. A genetic mutation left him, and other family members, with unusually elevated hemoglobin levels. This trait is very beneficial to endurance athletes in that it delivers more oxygen to the muscles. Mantyranta lived in the far north of Finland. As a young child he had to ski many miles to school each day. As he grew older he realized he could be successful as a Cross-Country skier and embarked on a rigorous training program. (He won seven Olympic medals, thee of them gold.) This story is used to illustrate that genes, environment and training are equally important to athletic success. Mintyranta’s life and success are both 100% nature and 100% nurture.

The last chapter of this book is a wonderful essay on the nuances of “The Sports Gene.” What is the purpose of finding the genetic components of a perfect athlete? Unless we start breeding humans similar to Thoroughbred horses we should embrace and enjoy the “fantastic menagerie that is human biological diversity.”

Amid the pageantry of the Opening Ceremony at the [next Olympics], make sure to look for the extremes of human physique. The 4’9” gymnast beside the 310-pound shot putter who is looking up at the 6’10" basketball player whose arms are seven and a half feet from fingertip to fingertip. Or the 6’4” swimmer who strides into the Olympic stadium beside his countryman, the 5’9” miler, both men wearing the same length pants.
(Page 289)

The author uses the example of Michael Jordan. He was certainly blessed with genes that made him tall enough to play basketball, but it was his hard work that perfected his basketball skills. “Discovering genes that influence athletic performance will detract from the hard work undertaken by athletes.”

To pursue athletic improvement is to embark on a quest in search of the practice plan that suits your inimitable biology. … [A] single exercise program will produce a vast and individualized range of improvement for any particular trait. … Sure, there were subjects who saw no improvement in aerobic fitness, but perhaps their blood pressure dropped, or their cholesterol levels improved. Everyone benefits from exercise or sports practice in some unique way. To take part is a journey of self-discovery that, largely, is beyond even the illuminating reach of cutting science.

[Thanawat · Rating 5 out of 5]

ชอบ ดีมากจริงๆ

หนังสือ pop-sci เล่มหนานุ่มเล่มนี้เขียนได้ดีจริงๆ

หนังสือช่วยยืนยันว่า ความสำเร็จไม่ได้ถูกสร้างขึ้นง่ายๆ ด้วยสิ่งที่เรียกว่ายีน
หนังสือช่วยยืนยันว่า พรสววรค์เป็นคำชื่นชมกลางๆ ที่แท้จริงแล้วมันเป็นส่วนผสมของหลายๆ ปัจจัย
หนังสือช่วยยืนยันว่า มันไม่มีสูตรสำเร็จสูงสุดหนึ่งเดียวที่เป็น ultimate fomula ในการกำหนดความสำเร็จของนักกีฬา

ตอนแรกที่เริ่มอ่านเข้าใจว่าผู้เขียนจะพาไปค้นหารหัสพันธุกรรมหรือยีนของนักกีฬาระดับโลกที่เป็นปัจจัยกำหนดความสำเร็จ และจะเอาเรื่องของยีนนั้นมาขยายต่อไปจนถึงขั้นสร้างยอดมนุษย์นักกีฬาขึ้นมาได้เสียอีก

แต่ปรากฎว่าเมื่ออ่านจบ สรุปได้เลยว่าการจะสร้างยอดมนุษย์นักกีฬา มันต้องอาศัยทั้งปัจจัยภายใน และภายนอก ภายใต้เงื่อนไขที่เหมาะเจาะจริงๆ
ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น ต่อให้มีปัจจัยเพรียบพร้อมแค่ไหน ถ้าคนๆ นั้นไม่ได้อยากเล่น ไม่ได้ชอบเล่น และไม่ได้มุ่งมั่นในการพัฒนาฝีมือด้วยการฝึกซ้อม มันก็ไม่มีทางเกิดหรอก ไอ้ยอดมนุษย์นักกีฬาเนี่ย

ยอดมนุษย์นักกีฬา = ปัจจัยภายนอก + ปัจจัยภายใน + passion - ยีนอุปสรรค

ปัจจัยภายนอก เป็นปัจจัยที่น่าสนใจมาก เพราะมันเกี่ยวข้องกับชีวิตคนๆ นั้นตั้งแต่เกิด ไม่ว่าจะเป็นฐานะ ชีวิตความเป็นอยู่ การศึกษา โอกาสในชีวิต ที่จะมีโอกาสได้เล่นกีฬา ได้เจอแมวมอง หรือมีถิ่นกำเนิดที่เอื้อต่อการพัฒนาตัวเองจากการฝึกซ้อม และที่สำคัญที่สุดคือครอบครัว

ปัจจัยภายในนั้นยิ่งน่า fancy เพราะมันลากยาวไปถึงการวิวัฒนาการ การย้ายถิ่นฐาน การดำรงชีวิตของบรรพบุรุษของคนๆ นั้น จนถูกคัดสรรมาเป็นชนกลุ่มหนึ่งที่มียีนหลากหลายกำหนดโครงสร้างร่างกายที่พอเหมาะพอเจาะกับการเล่นกีฬา ที่สำคัญคือไม่ใช่พิมพ์เขียวเดียว จะเหมาะกับทุกกีฬา แต่ละชนิดกีฬาก็ต้องการลักษณะพิเศษบางอย่างที่วิวัฒน์มาอย่างจำเพาะเจาะจงกับการดำรงชีพ แต่ดันมาเอื้อต่อการเล่นกีฬา

องค์ประกอบสุดท้ายคือ passion
เรื่องนี้สำคัญสุดยอด ผู้เขียนให้คุณค่ากับเรื่องนี้มาก และเราก็ควรจะให้คุณค่ากับเรื่องนี้มากกว่าการบอกว่านักกีฬาเก่งเพราะพรสวรรค์
มันไม่ใช่เด็กทุกคน ที่จะสามารถจดจ่อ อดทนกับการฝึกซ้อมอย่างทรหด จนสามารถดึงสิ่งที่ตัวเอง advantage ออกมาได้ นอกจากนี้ ยังต้องมุ่งมั่นในสายอาชีพ ไม่วอกแวกท้อแท้ด้วยปัจจัยภายนอกที่มารบกวนอีกตะหาก

ยีนอุปรรคที่กล่าวถึง อยู่ในบทที่ผู้เขียนอุทิศให้กับโรคทางพัยธุกรรมหรือความผิดปกติบางอย่าง เช่น โรคผนังหัวใจห้องล่างซ้ายหนา (HOCM) ที่ทำให้นักกีฬาเสียชีวิตระหว่างเล่นกีฬา เพราะมันเป็นอุปสรรคที่แทบจะไม่มีทางเอาชนะได้ถ้าต้องการเล่นกีฬาในระดับสูง

หนังสือเรียบเรียงด้วยภาษาที่คนทั่วไปอ่านได้เข้าใจ แม้จะมีความเป็นเฉพาะทางอยู่แต่ก็ไม่ได้เป็นอุปสรรคมากนัก เป็นประสบการณ การเดินทางไปหาคำตอบ ไปหาสมการที่สร้างสุดยอดนักกีฬาที่ยอดเยี่ยมจริงๆ

ขอปิดท้ายด้วยบทสรุปที่ชอบ

“ในความเป็นจริง การทุกเถียงว่าความเชี่ยวชาญด้านกีฬาเกิดจากการฝึกฝนหรือจากธรรมชาติเพียงอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่งนั้นเป็นเรื่องเปล่าประโยชน์ ถ้านักกีฬาทุกคนในโลกเป็นพี่น้องที่เหมือนกันเป๊ะกับนักกีฬาคนอื่นๆ ก็จะมีแค่สิ่งแวดล้อมและการฝึกซ้อมเท่านั้นที่ช่วยตัดสินว่าใครจะได้ไปแข่งโอลิมปิกหรือได้เล่นอาชีพ ตรงกันข้าม ถ้านักกีฬาทุกคนในโลกซ้อมแบบเดียวกัน ก็จะมียีนเท่านั้น ที่เป็นตัวแยกผลงานในสนามแข่งของพวกเขา แต่ทั้งสองสถานการณ์ไม่เคยเกิดขึ้นจริง”

[Петър Стойков · Rating 5 out of 5]

Ако се трудиш упорито, можеш да постигнеш всичко, нали?

Амиииииии.... като цяло не. Упоритият труд се отплаща многократно и без него успехът идва много рядко, но без талант е невъзможно да постигнеш върховете в каквато и да е дейност. Това важи особено много за спорта и авторът на настоящата книга се е заел да проучи точно до каква степен.

Използвайки това, че в спорта се водят и пазят всякакви видове статистически данни както за постиженията, така и за теглото, ръста, възрастта, родното място и т.н. на спортистите, той изследва зависимостта на спортните постижения както с положените часове труд (тренировки), така и с генетичната предразположеност.

От една страна той успява да покаже, че упоритият труд наистина се отплаща и че няколко хиляди часа усилени тренировки са задължителни за всеки шампион. От друга, доказва, че както физическата предразположеност за високи спортни постижения, така и самата почти маниакална упоритост, позволяваща да се тренира толкова много, са до голяма степен генетични - и за да станеш шампион ти трябва по много и от двете.

Интересна страна на книгата е неизбежният паралел между различните етноси и предразположеността им към по-добри постижения в различни спортове, които авторът обяснява много добре в еволюционен аспект, свързан с миграцията на човечеството.

[Carie · Rating 2 out of 5]

I was very excited to read this book. Unlike some of the other reviewers, I was not looking for a book that profiled famous athletes. I was looking for a book that reviewed the scientific literature on athletic performance and the interconnection between nature and nurture. During the first chapter or two, I was very pleased with the author's attempts to address causal complexity --- how it is incredibly difficult to separate the impact of learned/trained and genetic factors on success (any kind of success, not just athletic). The early chapters address the 10,000 hour rule with a critical eye that has been lacking in other attempts to examine the interaction of training and genetics.

However, after the first couple of chapters, the author moves deeper and deeper into genetic analysis of athletic performance and as he does so, his interpretation of the scientific literature that he chooses to review and the conclusions he draws become increasingly simplistic, ignoring the complexity he discussed earlier. I was particularly bothered by several recurring problems: poor definition of athleticism, drawing conclusions based on ecological fallacy and neglecting the causal complexity that the author claims to have addressed, and ignoring research that does not fit with the author's desired conclusion.

First, the author is exploring the literature on elite athletic performance, using professional athletic success as the selection criteria. But this ignores the reality that actual athleticism may not be fully encompassed or represented in current sports for which one might be paid to perform. Indeed, it might not be fully encompassed in activities currently referred to as sports. At the very least, the author should have discussed the potential limitations of using professional athletic achievement as the criteria for identifying athleticism. For example, he repeatedly notes that pygmy peoples are not genetically suited to playing in the NBA. But being of smaller stature does not mean that they lack athleticism --- it means that if you define athleticism in a certain way, you will bias your conclusions about the impact of specific genetic factors.

Second, the author begins the book by discussing the difficulty of trying to identify independent impacts of genetics and training, and even identifies in several chapters that the tremendous amounts of genetic variation within and across groups makes attributing success to a single gene difficult. But then, the author goes on to interpret findings within the scientific literature in a very simplistic manner. For example, the general finding that individuals with lower center gravity will be better swimmers, and that white people tend to have a lower center of gravity than black people, is then used to explain why black athletes should choose sports other than swimming. However, there are multiple very large problems with this. First is that this conclusion rests on ecological fallacy --- the idea that something that holds true at the population level holds true at the individual level. Any given athlete from any racial group might vary from the trend in the population. Making recommendations to individuals based on population data rather than on individual data, is problematic. Second, center of gravity is not the only factor that might affect success --- either in terms of training or genetics. The size of hands and feet, the length of legs, the distribution of fat, overall buoyancy, etc. are all physical factors that affect performance. But the author does not discuss this complexity, the degree to which any one of these physical features individually affects performance, or the degree to which any one of these physical features interacts with training.

In addition, most of the research starts by identifying elite athletes and then searching for common genetic factors. But, again, there is a selection bias based on what activities one can get paid to perform (or go to the Olympics with). Moreover, this approach neglects selection biases associated with socioeconomic and cultural factors. For example, although the author mentions multiple times that pygmy peoples are ill suited for basketball, he fails to address the fact that they might be extremely well suited to other athletic activities --- say gymnastics. This is because there are other factors that likely prevent them from entering the field to begin with. If you're only looking for what is currently successful, you are not looking at the broader realm of potential success.

Along the same lines, its worth thinking about what types of athleticism sports are actually measuring and how they are designed. For example, gymnastics is not a naturally occurring phenomenon. Humans created it. And we specifically created a sport and designed the point allocations in such a way that a woman who has reached puberty is less likely to be competitive. Does that mean that women who can't complete acrobatic tumbling routines are less athletic than those that can? No, it means that sports are designed to favor certain types of activities, body types, and levels of development. Unless you're willing to wrestle with a different way of defining athleticism, you absolutely have to wrestle with how the structures/rules/design of sports affects how you're measuring athleticism and what genetic factors might influence success.

Similarly, the author never addresses how norms and institutions within sports affect how successful one body type might be. For example, while height and long arms are certainly beneficial in basketball, individual success is partly determined by interactions of other factors --- quality and chemistry of teammates, types of plays, type defense, etc. Part of the game itself is finding ways to exploit weaknesses in your opponents system --- and many of those weaknesses are not about height. It's possible for a shorter person to be highly competitive when playing on a team that uses that individual in specific ways. The author only addresses this in the case of dog-sledding, when he discusses the marathon strategy over the sprint strategy. But the same thing is relevant for many human sports.

The author also chooses literature/research and draws conclusions in a more definitive manner that he should given the complexity of causality and the existence of additional research that might contradict that finding. For example, in the chapter titled "Why Men Have Nipples" the author examines the difference in athletic performance between men and women. He reviews the sexual selection literature and the literature on the importance of hormones in development of muscle and bone in an effort to explain why men are more athletic than women (using professional sports as the measure of athleticism). Here, he specifically avoids a growing literature on women's comparative advantage in ultra-endurance sports and a vast literature on human evolution. Instead, he asks the question "Why are women athletic at all?" given that women only needed to "carry children and dig for tubers". He concludes that women are athletic for the same reason men have nipples --- if one sex needs something, the other sex has to have that trait to, thus women are athletic because men need to be athletic to have sex with as many partners as possible. This question and the statement about women's "activities" ignores a growing literature that challenges the idea that sex roles in early human development have always reflected today's stratified sex roles. Moreover, this conclusion ignores the evolutionary reality that women are likely athletic because they evolved facing the same predators and environmental pressures as men. Nobody thinks that female horses have four legs and are able to run because stallions have to run to round up mares to mate with. Even among his other example which focuses on the degree of difference between male and female --- gorillas --- nobody assumes the female is athletic and muscular to serve only the reproductive requirements of the male. So why the laziness of thought when it comes to men and women. I suspect the reason is the author didn't want to have to actually address the broader literature and this conclusion enabled him to continue to review literature that focused primarily on male athletes without having to further address sex when discussing genetic factors.

My last concern is one of ethics and the author's failure to address outcomes and opportunity costs associated with elite athletic performance. The author discusses the Jamaican sprinting program intended to identify and train the best sprinters. He discusses several cases where individuals are forced to forgo other opportunities --- like a college education --- by the national athletic organization in order to train for and become a sprinter. Similarly, he discusses genetic and behavioral factors that affect how individuals experience pain. In one example, he uses an example of NFL linemen and how pain can prevent a "peak" performance. But there is no discussion about why we experience pain --- what the value or meaning of pain is. With the exception of discussing how people who genetically do not feel pain tend to die young, he does not address how ignoring pain caused by athletic performance might cause tremendous harm and even lead to the inability to engage in any athletic endeavor in the future. This book seems to start from the assumption that production of athletic performance is a good that has value of its own and that value outweighs other considerations. The author never takes the time to examine whether all of the time, effort, resources, and lives dedicated to improving athletic performances, which by the studies' own definitions are valuable primarily as they are consumed for entertainment purposes, is worthwhile and valuable to society or the individual who performs them.

This pattern of lazy, superficial thought, incomplete review of the literature, and faulty conclusions exists throughout the book. As a result, I would recommend that anyone who reads this to avoid accepting the author's conclusions as stated. Indeed, I strongly suggest seeking out the studies he cites and reviewing them yourself, and considering their findings/implications in a much more cautious manner than the author of this book did.

[Delway Burton · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is an important and brave book. Any discussion of human performance based on DNA is a big no-no. Its the scientific 900 pound gorilla. Politicians, celebrities, academicians, coaches, and CEO's have all fallen hard at the mere hint of it. The link of performance or worth based on our genes has a sad history stretching across the millennia as genocide and more recently eugenics. The all-wise media seems to ignore the fact that the very essence of life is our DNA and that to a great degree living things preform based on the code found there. At the human level we have the additional nature vs. nurture argument which Mr. Epstein does an excellent job of balancing. He mixes his personal experiences and travel, from the Cockpit Country of Jamaica, to the highlands of Kenya, to the arctic circle in Finland, with the hard science of human athletic performance based on known science. I was aware of some of the results he discusses, but many were a total surprise. For example, the primary characteristic of major league baseball hitters is not their reflexes or strength, but rather they possess Superman vision. He draws no conclusions other than to point out that genetics seems to curiously find an opportunity. On the nurture side he points out that the presence of a sports culture, the promise of reward, and ability to train and train very, very hard brings results. He also points out what we should all remember is that the Olympics and indeed professional sports of any kind represent the elite not the mean. This is a great read for anyone who enjoys the pageant of world sport.

[Nicholas Sparks · Rating 5 out of 5]

As a former college athlete, I found this investigation into what makes great athletes absolutely fascinating. David Epstein shows that there’s a lot of complicated middle ground to explore when it comes to the question of nature versus nurture.

[Scot · Rating 5 out of 5]

Most thinking and observant people, based on accumulating evidence, have moved beyond the old “Nature v. Nurture” simplistic either/or dichotomy to try to better understand the complex ways these two categories interplay and interact, both over the course of any given individual’s life, and over broader ranges of time for larger groupings of related peoples, in creating just who we are and offering potential or setting limits for what we might become. David Epstein, a reporter for Sports Illustrated, gathers here, in a very readable, well documented, and sweeping review, an assessment as of 2013 as to how much we now know about the distinct (and interwoven) roles of genetics and cultural (as well as physical) environment in creating elite athletes. Just what is inherited and what isn’t? How much can early training of the gifted make a difference? Can anyone, with enough of the right training and practice, rise to the level of a superstar? What different genetic traits or cultivated skills are most crucial across different types of sports, and how do the two correlate in creating a champion? This philosophical question arises as well: based on what we can learn about people’s genetic predispositions, how could or should this information be used?

I enjoyed this book very much, both for the wide range of different types of sports covered and for the wide range of human cultural groups visited and investigated. We learn about track stars from Jamaica, marathon runners from Kenya, cross country skiers from Finland, water polo superstars from Croatia, and many more. (We even move beyond humans for one chapter on the genetics of creating the best dog teams to win the Iditerod, which made me nostalgic for the huskie/malamute kennels my family had when I was a teen.) It is fascinating to me how complexly genetic instructions are overlaid within our DNA materials, and what just one tiny genetic mutation might achieve. What we have already learned is remarkable, but to use a metaphor Epstein himself employs, we are only beginning to scrape the tip of the iceberg. No matter what your particular special sport or sports of interest might be, a lot of useful knowledge and also some riveting tales of both personal triumph and incredible fortitude in the face of challenge can be found here. Some implications of concerns to arise in the future are suggested (some already beginning) about how much about a person’s future predispositions or limitations, already encoded in their DNA, could or should be available to others (like for instance, future possible employers or insurers).

[สฤณี อาชวานันทกุล · Rating 4 out of 5]

สนุกดี เล่าเรื่องการเสาะแสวง "ยีนกีฬา" (รหัสพันธุกรรมที่ทำให้คนเก่งกีฬาชนิดใดชนิดหนึ่งตั้งแต่กำเนิด)ในวงการวิทยาศ��สตร์กีฬาสมัยใหม่

บทสรุปเรื่องยีนกีฬาไม่ต่างจากเรื่องอื่นๆ คือมันเป็น "ส่วนผสม" ระหว่างสิ่งที่ธรรมชาติให้มา (nature) กับการฝึกฝน สภาพแวดล้อม ฯลฯ หลังจากนั้น (nurture) แต่ธรรมชาติกับสภาพแวดล้อมปะทะกัน "อย่างไร" ในรายละเอียดคือประเด็นที่น่าสนใจ และหนังสือเล่มนี้อธิบายได้ดีมากโดยเฉพาะความแตกต่างระหว่างกีฬาต่างๆ

เต็มไปด้วยเกร็ดน่ารู้และประวัตินักกีฬาที่น่าสนใจทั้งเล่ม ที่สนุกเป็นพิเศษคือเรื่องราวของนักวิ่งเคนยาและประเทศอื่นอีกบางประเทศในแอฟริกา อาทิ เอธิโอเปีย - อะไรทำให้พวกเขาวิ่งระยะไกลเก่งกว่าคนอื่น? ยีน? สภาพแวดล้อม? การฝึกสอน? หลายอย่างประกอบกัน? ยังไง? หนังสือค่อยๆ เฉลยคำตอบเหมือนนิยายนักสืบสนุกๆ เรื่องหนึ่ง

ชอบที่หนังสือหักล้างวิธีอธิบายที่ "เหมารวมเกินไป" ของนาย Malcolm Gladwell ด้วย ที่อ้างว่าทุกคนถ้าฝึกอะไรก���ตาม 10,000 ชั่วโมง จะเชี่ยวชาญเรื่องนั้นๆ โดยอัตโนมัติ ทั้งที่ผลการวิจัยจริงๆ แล้ว 10,000 ชั่วโมงเป็น "ค่าเฉลี่ย" เท่านั้น ขอบเขต (range) มีตั้งแต่ไม่กี่ร้อยชั่วโมงไปจนถึงหลายหมื่นชั่วโมง และคำตอบที่ว่าเราแต่ละคนจะต้องฝึกกี่ชั่วโมง ส่วนหนึ่งก็ขึ้นอยู่กับพรสวรรค์แต่กำเนิด (ยีน) ประกอบกับช่วงอายุเริ่มต้น (ยิ่งฝึกตั้งแต่เด็ก ฝีมือยิ่งพัฒนาเร็ว)

[Ben · Rating 4 out of 5]

A fascinating, though uneven, look at what we know about the nature versus nurture debate. The first half, as Kate pointed out, is really a refutation of Malcolm Gladwell's Outliers. Epstein first cites the 10,000 hour rule that is accepted in pop science as the amount of time to become an expert to explain how professional baseball players are able to hit a pitch that the human eye is in fact incapable of tracking across the plate (long story short, they develop a database of where balls are likely to end up based upon lots of experience). This also explains why those same baseball players cannot hit a softball pitcher because the information is totally different. Incidentally, he cites a study showing that Albert Pujols is only in the 66th percentile of adults in reaction time. But Epstein then goes on to show how the 10,000 hour rule is not a hard and fast rule, but rather an average, meaning some people may get to elite status after 3,000 hours; some may never get there at all.

After a pretty good chapter on male vs. female athletes, the book moves on to a discussion of training patterns and regimens. This too is quite strong, though also boils down to the similar idea that the general way people respond is an average and there is a distribution within that. Still, the idea that people start at different baselines of fitness and where they can move or improve from there is radically different is somewhat interesting.

Probably my two favorite chapters are those on what Epstein calls the "Big Bang of Body Types," and one that then applies that to the NBA. The Big Bang argument is basically tailor made for a Moneybox post. It alms about how we moved from a world where all athletes shared roughly the same height and weight characteristics to one of extreme specialization. As a result, our sprinters have gotten taller, our gymnasts shorter, our linemen heavier, and our basketball players taller. It's an interesting argument that's less actually about genetics and more really a focus on sorting and markets and the economic effect of internationalizing certain sports.

This internationalizing effect becomes pretty interesting in the NBA chapter. There Epstein discusses how even though even a "short" NBA player is still at the far right end of the human male height distribution, and that we've basically done a better job finding the tall people across the world to get them into the NBA as we tapped out our domestic supply of capable athletes at necessary heights. As an example of this phenomenon, he discusses how the average height of the European players in the NBA is actually greater than that of the American players. Also fascinating is his projected breakdown of height versus probability of playing in the NBA. If you are 6'2" you have a 5:1,000,000 chance of playing in the NBA. Growing two inches more brings the odds up to 20:1,000,000. But someone 6'10" to 7' your odds are about 3.2 percent (or 32,000:1,000,000). But the craziest thing is he estimates that 17 percent or about one out of every six of American men between the ages of 20 and 40 who are at least 7 feet tall are in the NBA right now. What's particularly crazy about that is some people get to that height due to pituitary issues that would preclude them from likely being able to play basketball (though some like Gheorge Muresan did). Sort them out and that means the odds are likely even higher. It's true what they say "you can't teach height."

Also fascinating tidbits from the NBA chapter:
* The difference between the average NBA player and the average man is greater than the difference between the average WNBA player and the average woman, likely because we haven't sorted as effectively since its not as financially remunerative to play in the WNBA.
*Wingspan in excess of height matters beyond height at a certain point. The average NBA player's ratio of wingspan to height is greater than the ratio at which concerns about Marfan's syndrome arise. The only players in 2010-11 with wingspans shorter than their heights? J.J. Redick and Yao Ming.
*Height and wingspan can predict about half of a player's likely defensive rebounds.
*Height differences in a population is 80 percent genetics, 20 percent environment.
*White players generally have a lower wingspan to height ratio than black players.

Unfortunately, a big chunk of the book is less about the genes behind sports and athletes than it is about running in particular. These parts raise some interesting discussions about the pairing of high altitude lifestyles in places like Kenya combined with a low-income lifestyle that leads to highly successful endurance athletes, as well as some stuff on the racial divide in athletics that is pretty well handled given how rarely that seems to be discussed intelligently. None of this is bad per se, but it feels one or maybe two dimensional. It's a discussion of one specific skill executed either quickly in the form of sprinting or excruciatingly over lengths of time that you'd have to be a crazy person to do in the form of distance running. There's not as much explaining what might make someone good at football or hockey (there's no refutation of the Gladwell birthdate part of Outliers).

Apart from one chapter that talks about sled dogs and work ethic, there's not as much talk about grit or determination, which isn't surprising given how tough a thing that is to quantify. But it does sort of play into the difficult argument that Epstein threads at the end. It's clear that some genetic things clearly do give people an athletic advantage. Yet there are plenty of people with talent who do not make it into professional athletics while less-skilled ones do. And even those that do make it have to work hard to get there. Some may not work as hard as others, but it does take work and practice and time--also more predictive time spent practicing, as experts tend to do. But how much this hard work or dedication stuff is innate versus developed also matters, since that would explain who engages in that hard training and who doesn't.

Finally, I do wish there'd been a bit more about team sports or things that go beyond just running. One way to have done this would be to discuss more about vision or hearing or other senses, particularly for basketball. You always hear a lot about a player's "court sense." Is that meaningless numbo jumbo? A code word for lots of accumulated practice time and the same memory database that explains baseball hitting? Or something else? It would be very interesting to know more about that. Still, at a certain point books like this are limited by the research they can draw on and it might just not be there. But all in all it's still worth a read.

[Pawarut Jongsirirag · Rating 5 out of 5]

ไมเคิล เฟลป์ / ไมเคิล จอน์เเดน / ไทเกอร์ วู๊ด / ยูเซน โบลท์ พวกเขาเหล่านี้มีอะไรต่างจากเราๆปัจจัยอะไรที่ทำให้พวกเขาขึ้นสู่จุดสูงสุดของสายกีฬาที่พวกเขาลงเเข่ง หนังสือเล่มนี้(อาจ)มีคำตอบของคำถามนั้น

The Sport Gene ตั้งคำถามที่เหมือนเป็นคำถามโลกเเตกของวงการกีฬาทุกวันนี้ว่า “พรสวรรค์หรือการฝึกซ้อมกันเเน่ที่สร้างนักกีฬาชั้นเซียนระดับโลก” คำถามนี้จริงๆเราทุกคนก็น่าจะมีคำตอบในใจ ถ้าอย่างงั้นอะไรทำให้หนังสือเล่มนี้น่าสนใจ

เดวิด เอฟสตีน นักเขียนมือรางวัลสายวงการกีฬา จะพาเราไปสืบเสาะหาคำตอบของคำถามนี้อย่างเจาะลึก (ลึกจริงๆ) เเละเผยว่าอะไรเป็นมายาคติของวงการกีฬาในปัจจุบัน
ในวงการนี้จะมีคำกล่าวว่า ถ้าคุณฝึกฝนถึง 10000 ชม เราทุกคนก็เก่งกันได้ทั้งนั้น มันจริงหรือ??
มันมีจริงๆหรือไม่กับยีนพิเศษที่ทำให้คุณเป็นสุดยอดนักกีฬาทันทีขอเพียงเเค่มีมันอยู่ในร่าง
สิ่งเเวดล้อม สถานที่เกิด เกี่ยวหรือไม่กับการสร้างนักกีฬาชั้นนำ
การฝึกซ้อมกีฬาอย่างบ้าคลั่งตั้งเเต่เด็กคือคัมภีร์สู่ความสำเร็จหรือหายนะที่ถูกสร้างขึ้น
จริงๆหรือไม่ที่มีชนชาติพิเศษ ที่เกิดมาเพื่อครองความเป็นหนึ่งของกีฬาบางชนิด

นี่คือคำถามเพียงบางข้อที่เอฟสตีนเเย็ปใส่เรา เเละด้วยคำถามเหล่านี้ เขาจะพาเราไปหาคำตอบผ่านการสัมภาษณ์นักกีฬาชั้นนำ ติดตามชีวิตของพวกเขา พูดคุยกับนักวิทยาศาสตร์การกีฬา นักวิทย์สายพันธุกรรมตัวพ่อ ขึ้นเหนือสุดในดินเเดนหนาวเย็นเเละลงล่างสุดสู่เเอฟริกา เพื่อเสาะหานักกีฬาชั้นเทพที่เขาว่ากันว่ามีตัวอย่างยีนที่หายากมากที่สุดในโลก !!

เเม้หนังสืออาจจะไม่ได้ให้คำตอบในบางเรื่องชัดเจน เนื่องจากความก้าวหน้าทางด้านวิทยาศาสตร์ ณ ปัจจุบันยังไปไม่ถึง เเต่ก็ทำให้เราเห็นภาพของคำตอบที่อาจจะมาถึงได้ เเละสิ่งที่เอฟสตีนอาจจะไม่ได้กล่าวไว้โดยตรงเเต่ก็เขาก็พูดถึงเเทรกไว้ในเกือบทุกบท คือ ประวัติศาสตร์ของวงการคัดตัวนักกีฬา ที่วิทยาศาสตร์เเละมายาคติมักปะทะกันอยู่เสมอ

เป็นหนังสือที่ถ้าคุณเป็นนักกีฬาก็จะอ่านอย่างเมามันเเละอินกับข้อเท็จจริงเบื้องหลังของวงการกีฬา เเต่ถ้าไม่ใช่นักกีฬาก็อ่านสนุกในเเบบผู้สังเกตการณ์รอบนอกของวงการนี้
เเละสุดท้ายเเล้ว เอฟสตีนอาจบอกเราว่าวงการนี้ ผู้ชนะเท่านั้นที่ครองทุกสิ่ง เเละผู้เเพ้ก็อาจเป็นเพียงคนที่ซ้อมน้อยไปนิดหรือขาดยีนไปเพียงบางตัวเท่านั้นเอง....

[Shawn · Rating 5 out of 5]

Is elite athletic performance the result of nature (our genes) or nurture (environment and training)? Yes, according to David Epstein’s The Sports Gene. This engaging and illuminating work is a pleasure to read. The anecdotes are amazing and humanize the scientific questions and issues raised by the role of genes in sport. Epstein does a great job of reporting the science without getting too technical, but without dumbing it down or sensationalizing it. He clears away the misunderstandings and misuse of the effect of genes. We often, he shows, misascribe the influence of genes: over-attributing them in some cases while failing to see their role where there is a significant influence.

Part of the story here is that genes play significant and important roles in athletic performance, but Epstein is careful not to overplay this. First, the target of his work here is extraordinary and elite performances. These are athletes that are already well off the curve. What he finds here isn’t going to necessarily translate back to the rest of us who live in the heart of the bell curve. Second, Epstein doesn’t want to disrespect or downplay the importance of the effort and hard work of these elite athletes. Yes, they often have amazing genetic gifts, but without the effort and practice, these gifts won’t amount to anything. (At the same time, the book looks at the genetic contributions for effort-taking and practicing.)

Another important theme of the book is that a better understanding of the genetic roots of performance can help us improve performance. The differences in our genetic propensities (our genotype) require, in many cases, different kinds of training and practice. Our bodies react to training and practice differently and so, to understand better how to improve our skills and outcomes, we have to understand better how we respond to the environment and training. One person’s strenuous cardio workout might be overkill (tragically quite literally in rare cases) for another.

Epstein doesn’t tackle the issue of genetic manipulation (or gene-doping) head on, but it certainly lurks throughout the book. Over the last century, the scientific and technological influence on training for athletic performance has increased immensely. As our knowledge of the human genome and genetic technology increases, will we see this influence extend beyond training into the athlete’s genetic makeup? Epstein’s tentative response is that, given the state of the science, there is just too much unknown at this point to do this in any extensive or effective way.

But that knowledge is coming; it is more of a when than an if. I am fairly certain that as the knowledge increases, so will the use of this knowledge to improve performance. Epstein is agnostic, ultimately, on the wisdom or morality of doing this. That wasn’t the point of the book, so it is no fault. But his work suggests much about this possible future. Personally, I think that, as with most scientific and technological advances, this will generally be a boon for human civilization and for sport. I am not utopian, though, and recognize that it will come with some harms and dangers. This is in part why it is important to get a better understanding of the science and learn more about how nature and nurture interact.

Another moral question not raised by Epstein, but suggested by his book, is how our understanding of the influence of our genes on performance affects our evaluation of doping. If some people have natural advantages conferred by their genotype, then is it really unfair for someone without those genetic advantages to use a drug to produce a similar effect? For example, Finnish athlete Eero Mantyranta has a genetic variation that makes his red blood count as much as 65 percent higher than that of an average man (274). His body is able to move oxygen to muscles much better than most and this (all other things being equal) gives him an advantage in endurance sport. This is quite similar to the effect of taking EPO as a performance-enhancer. If one of the goals in athletic competitions is a level starting point for athletes, then maybe we ought not ban EPO. That is, maybe, allowing EPO would level the field for athletes that do not have the benefit of genetic advantages. Is there a moral difference (putting aside for the moment the wrongness of the rule-violation) between someone who has a performance advantage from their genotype and someone who has a performance advantage from taking a substance? In more fundamentally, it begins to challenge the traditional concepts and evaluations of doping and performance enhancing.

While Epstein doesn’t deal with these issues, the book is good place to learn (in a non-technical way) about the scientific foundation for answering these kinds of moral and philosophical questions. For that reason alone it worth a read. But it is also quite interesting on its own terms.

[Ward · Rating 3 out of 5]

Nice book, bit of a pointing out of all the ways genetics and hard work will affect how well you do at sports and how hard of a time we still have understanding any of it. On the other hand, I don't feel like I walked away from this book with any new insights on the matter, besides the knowledge that that it is the limit of our scientific understanding now. I did learn a bunch of examples though, so that's something?

[Thekelburrows · Rating 5 out of 5]

Did not explain why Katie is better than me at Peloton :(

[Kerry · Rating 4 out of 5]

Few people know that I am an absolute sports nut. I can watch almost any sport that I can understand and have watched some I have no understanding of--cricket, lacrosse,wrestling to name a few. What I have come to understand about my fascination is it has mostly to do with the simple wonder of the human body to do incredible things, some with training and some by accident. I've seen this in my chosen profession as well (medicine) but in sports it has more to do with planned rather than unexpected physical abilities. To me it is amazing to see athletes preform at such a high level, even hitting a precise golf shot takes an incredible number of different abilities: eye coordination, hand position, swing precision--is it in the body or the practice? Do the greats start with a special gift (gene) the rest of use lack. Is there a body type that works best for particular sports, beside the obvious, height for basketball, speed for sprinting. I was interested in finding the scientific answers to my interest. This book gave me new knowledge.

Wasn't sure I would get through the dryness or the complex bioscience of this book but the author did a great job of pulling my interest forward with personal stories of great athletes. It did lean more toward running, sprinting, cross country skiing--as those are areas where the most research has been done. This is not an easy book to read but has some great information. If you have an interest but not the endurance for the task, the chapters on body type and vision had great information--don't miss those. Really glad I read it, I'll continue to be even more fascinated with great sports feats but now with a more discriminating eye.

[Kirsten McKenzie · Rating 5 out of 5]

What an incredible read. Every page contains incredible insight into the world of elite athletes and DNA research. Nature or nurture? Are elite athletes born or raised? Epstein has written a stunning analysis of the research done on what makes some athletes better than others. Leg length, wing span, country of origin, parents, running to school, access to training venues, coaches, better than average eyesight. It’s a brave new world out there, and it’s an exciting time to watch developments in training regimes based on an athletes specific gene makeup.
Happy to recommend this book to anyone with an interest in sport. Easy to understand as well!

[รพีพัฒน์ อิงคสิทธิ์ · Rating 5 out of 5]

สนุกมากครับ เป็นหนังสือที่พยายามตอบคำถามเรื่อง Nature vs Nurture ได้ครบถ้วนและทันสมัยมากๆ โดยใช้กรณีศึกษาเรื่องกีฬาหลากหลายประเภทเป็นแกนกลาง ดำเนินผ่านเรื่องเล่าสลับกับงานวิจัยที่ชวนให้ใคร่ครวญและหาคำตอบไปพร้อมๆ กัน

ชอบมากๆ ที่ผู้เขียนไม่ได้พยายามสร้างสูตรสำเร็จว่า โอเค เราไม่ต้องพยายามแล้วนะเพราะทุกอย่างอยู่ในยีน หรือโอเค ทุกคนต้องพยายามต่อไปเพราะยีนไม่มีผลใดๆ แต่เสนอหลักฐานทุกอย่างมาวางไว้บนโต๊ะ แล้วให้พิจารณาเอาเองว่าจะเอนเอียงเข้าฝ่ายไหน

แนะนำมากๆ ครับ

[Mac · Rating 3 out of 5]

It's both nature and nurture, at least from David Epstein's point of view, and to be sure there are many other opinions expressed in this book.

Like a good writer, Epstein includes plenty of anecdotes, quotes, and stories that humanize the book and make it enjoyable to read. And he adds the occasional analogy to clarify the science ("it's both hardware and software.")

Like a good reporter, Epstein has evaluated numerous research studies to accompany his stories and support his point of view. However, for me, he over reports the studies with much too much science. Yes, it may be good to know that a particular gene is over represented in certain athletes, but I don't need to know which gene, how it was discovered, when, and by whom.

So the stories are great; the conclusions are interesting, but I'd like much of the science focused on the big picture, not the details. Then I'd more easily understand and recall the main points of the book, and I would have enjoyed it even more.

Note. Epstein seems to have successfully navigated the sports gene waters without crashing on the shore of racial outrage. I believe that's because he presents his information in a balanced, nonprejudicial way. Here (to argue against my earlier point), the sheer volume of research described is useful because that research makes it evident there are genetic physical differences among populations. So Epstein's reportorial balance and breadth of research provide insights without arousing animus (at least, I'm not aware of any).

[Nattapan · Rating 5 out of 5]

Convincing and very impressive.

Although you might be able to predict the conclusion of this book, I am quite sure that you will be awestruck by valuable information supported by many empirical research anyway.

[Lucian Belić · Rating 4 out of 5]

3,8
Budući da smo svi jedinstveni, znanost o genetici i dalje će pokazivati da jednako kao što ne postoji lijek koji odgovara svima, ne postoji program treniranja koji odgovara svima. Ako jedan sport ili metoda treniranja ne djeluje, možda nije do treniranja, možda je do TEBE, u najdubljem smislu.
Nemojte se bojati probati nešto drugačije i sretno vam treniranje!

[Adrienne · Rating 5 out of 5]

Listened via Audible

Loved love loved this book. It's about 10 years old at this point so would love an update on some of the stats, but so much to talk about! It is non-fiction but written in a way that is not boring at all (sometimes it's a bit scientific but just skim those parts). In the end, is it nature or nurture that makes a good athlete? I think this book proves both.

[Joey Balge · Rating 5 out of 5]

4.5 stars. Overall a fascinating entrant into the Nature vs Nurture debate. This book comes at it from the Nature angle but still includes compelling evidence for the Nurture argument. The science was made easily digestible for the most part. I also appreciated it expounded on the obvious conclusion that the answer is “both.”

[Garret Giblin · Rating 4 out of 5]

a really excellent examination of the nature vs nurture debate in sporting success. Innate talent vs 10,000 hours theory. Unsurprisingly, the book comes down somewhere in the middle (malcolm gladwell is still a fraud though)

[Eduardo Montiel · Rating 4 out of 5]

An interesting look into the effects of genetics and sports training on human athleticism. Which influences more, nature or nurture? It depends on the sport… Topics such as the effects of gender, race, genetics, culture, and physical environment are discussed as contributors to success in specific sports.

A useful book to nudge your children into certain sports if they display specific abilities or traits. Some chapters dragged on with winded explanations and evidence. It’s certainly well-written but some case studies were more interesting than others.

3.5/5. October 2025. (Published in 2013. I found Esptein’s Range more engaging but nonetheless this was an informative read into sports science.)

NOTES

The book explores the question of nature versus nurture as it pertains to training for athletes in sports using anecdotes which favor both sides of the argument. These anecdotes are combined with the results of statistical studies to give the reader an understanding of the magnitude that biology plays in athletics.

In fact, the reaction times of elite athletes, which are typically around one fifth of a second, are similar to those of average individuals who were tested.

Perceptual cognitive skills . Starkes conducted an occlusion test, which yielded astounding results. Unlike the reaction time tests, the difference between top volleyball players and novices was enormous. Elite players could determine the presence of the ball with just a fraction of a second glance, and the better the player, the faster they could extract relevant information from each slide.

Overall, the grandmaster and master accurately replaced more than 90 percent of the pieces in the trials, while the city champion managed around 70 percent, and the club player only about 50 percent. In five seconds, the grandmaster understood more of the game situation than the club player did in fifteen minutes.

This research has consistently shown that expert athletes require less visual information and time to anticipate future events, and they have a remarkable ability to focus on critical visual cues, much like expert chess players. Expert athletes are also adept at chunking information about player arrangements, much like grandmasters do with chess pieces.

Perceptual sports skills that distinguish experts from amateurs are learned and developed through practice, not innate.

All evidence supporting the 10,000-hours rule has been “cross-sectional” or “retrospective,” which is biased against discovering innate talent. A “longitudinal” study would follow subjects as they accumulate hours practicing a skill to watch their skill progression, but recruiting and tracking participants like Dan McLaughlin is challenging.

In 2007, psychologists Campitelli and Gobet conducted a study of 104 competitive chess players and found that 10,000 hours was close to the amount of practice needed to attain master status, but the range of hours needed varied greatly between individuals. One player reached master level in 3,000 hours, while another needed 23,000.

Scientists cannot rely on the strict 10,000-hour rule to explain all of the variation in skill. Studies across domains such as swimming, triathlons, and music report that practice accounts for only a moderate or low amount of the variance.

It is worth noting that individuals with exceptional visual hardware (depth perception) , such as pro baseball players and Olympic softball players, are more likely to have a better computer once the sport-specific software is downloaded. For instance, Louis J. Rosenbaum was able to predict two straight NL Rookies of the Year using visual hardware tests, although this is not enough to qualify as a scientific study.

The ultimate athlete would be someone with a naturally high aerobic capacity and a quick response to training. However, it is challenging to identify such individuals before they begin training, as athletes are typically not subjected to lab tests until after they have achieved something.

Coarsely speaking, muscle fibres come in two major types: slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II) . Fast-twitch fibres contract at least twice as quickly as slow-twitch fibres for explosive movements— the contraction speed of muscles has been shown to be a limiting factor of sprinting speed in humans-but they tire out very quickly.

Most people have muscles comprising slightly more than half slow-twitch fibres. But the fibre type mixes of athletes fit their sport. The calf muscles of sprinters are 75 percent or more fast-twitch fibres. Athletes who race the half-mile tend to have a mix in their calves closer to 50 percent slow-twitch and 50 percent fast-twitch, with higher fast-twitch proportions at the higher levels of competition.

Sprint and power athletes, who typically have more fast-twitch muscle fibres, tend to have a stockier build compared to endurance athletes, who typically have more slow-twitch muscle fibres.

As elite sports markets have shifted from participatory events to spectator events for the masses, the bodies required for success have become increasingly rare, necessitating greater financial incentives to attract those specific body types to a given sport.

After studying thousands of elite athletes from various sports, including soccer, weightlifting, wrestling, boxing, judo, and rugby, Holway discovered that each kilogram (2.2 pounds) of bone can support a maximum of five kilograms (11 pounds) of muscle. Therefore, five-to-one represents a general limit of the human muscle bookshelf.

NBA players are not only incredibly tall, but also preposterously long, even relative to their height. It’s rare for an NBA player to lack the height required for their position, but if they do, they typically have the arm span to make up for it.

Studies examining Olympic athletes consistently find that individuals of African descent, including African Americans, Africans, Afro-Caribbeans, and African Canadians, tend to have a more “linear” physique compared to their Asian and European counterparts. This is evidenced by longer legs and a more narrow pelvic breadth.

black adults have a centre of mass, approximately the belly button, that is approximately 3 percent higher than white adults of the same height. Using engineering models of bodies moving through fluids such as air or water, they calculated that this 3 percent difference results in a 1.5 percent advantage in running speed for athletes with higher belly buttons (i.e., black athletes) and a 1.5 percent advantage in swimming speed for athletes with lower belly buttons (i.e., white athletes).

“Allen’s rule,” has been applied to humans through numerous studies that show that individuals from warmer climates tend to have longer limbs.

As humans migrated and settled across the globe, they faced various obstacles such as oceans, mountains, deserts, social affiliations, and later, national boundaries. Due to this, populations developed their own DNA signatures. People lived, married, and reproduced mainly where they were born, resulting in the spread of gene variants through genetic drift or natural selection.

The primary method of testing for illegal testosterone doping in sports is the “T/E ratio,” which analyses the ratio of testosterone to another hormone called epitestosterone. A normal ratio is one-to-one, and a ratio above four-to-one is typically regarded as a sign of potential doping. However, individuals with two copies of a specific version of the UGT2B17 gene can pass the test regardless of how much testosterone they’ve injected.

According to Pitsiladis, there is evidence to suggest that the strongest and fittest slaves were selected and taken from Africa to Jamaica, particularly to the northwest quadrant of the island, which is where many of today’s Olympic sprinters hail from. Pitsiladis notes that historical records, interviews with experts, and demographic studies of the Jamaican slave trade support this theory.

Interestingly, one of Pitsiladis’s graduate students, who served as a control subject, had more of the sprint variants than someone like Usain Bolt. This suggests that genes do play a role in sprinting, but the number of relevant genes identified by scientists is still quite small.

Pitsiladis credits Jamaica’s system of talent-spotting and capturing as a key to their world sprint domination, as every child is made to try sprinting at some point. The fervor at Champs, where athletes earn scholarships and even endorsements from shoe companies, is comparable to state championship meets in big sprinting states like Texas. However, many of America’s potential Olympic sprinters opt for more popular sports like basketball and football.

Cooper’s 2003 book and 2006 paper with Morrison proposed that West Africans evolved with the sickle-cell gene mutation and other gene mutations causing low hemoglobin to protect against malaria, leading to an increase in fast-twitch muscle fibres for energy production that does not rely mainly on oxygen. The first part of Cooper’s hypothesis is now widely accepted, with sickle-cell trait and low hemoglobin being recognised as evolutionary adaptations to malaria.

the Kalenjin and Danish boys did display body type differences. A greater portion of the body length of the Kalenjin boys was composed of legs. The Kalenjin boys were, on average, two inches shorter than the Danish boys, but had legs that were about three quarters of an inch longer.

The scientists’ most unique finding, though, was not the length of the legs, but their girth. The volume and average thickness of the lower legs of the Kalenjin boys was 15 to 17 percent less than in the Danish boys. The finding is substantial because the leg is akin to a pendulum, and the greater the weight at the end of the pendulum, the more energy is required to swing it.”

They conducted studies on the native people of the Andes, who lived at an altitude of more than 13,000 feet. At such a high altitude, the amount of oxygen molecules in each breath of air is only about 60 percent of that at sea level. To compensate for this lack of oxygen, Andeans have a profuse amount of red blood cells, which carry oxygen-carrying hemoglobin.

Being born at altitude can lead to larger lungs, allowing for more oxygen to pass from the lungs into the blood. This adaptation occurs not only in natives of the Himalayas but also among American children who grow up high in the Rockies. While altitude alone doesn’t necessarily create great distance runners, it can be helpful to have sea-level ancestry to elevate hemoglobin quickly upon training at altitude and be born at altitude to develop larger lung surface area. This is the story of many successful Kenyan and Ethiopian runners.

Elite Alaskan huskies can move four to five times as much oxygen as a healthy, untrained adult man and can reach a VO₂max about eight times that of an average man and four times higher than a trained Paula Radcliffe.

Surprisingly, the longer a particular mouse was used to running, the more frenetic its brain activity became when it was made to sit still. These findings suggest that exercise may be needed for these mice to feel normal. As with Garland’s mice, these rodents were genetic exercise addicts.

While pain is experienced by all individuals and athletes, no two individuals experience it in the same way, and an individual’s experience of pain can differ between different situations. Ultimately, we are all like Greek tragedy heroes, limited by our nature but with the ability to alter our fate within those limitations.

[Pipat Tanmontong · Rating 5 out of 5]

หนังสือวิทยาศาสตร์ที่อ่านสนุกที่สุดเล่มนึง แม้เนื้อหาข้างในจะยากเอาเรื่อง
หนังสือพยายามหาคำตอบโดยเฉพาะเจาะจงว่าปัจจัยใดมีผลต่อความสามารถทางกีฬาของนักกีฬาชั้นนำที่ประสบความสำเร็จ? แล้วปัจจัยเหล่านี้นมีผลมากย้อยแค่ไหนนะ?
ผู้เขียนเปิดกว้างสำหรับทุกๆปัจจัย ไม่ว่าจะเป็น การฝึกฝน พันธุกรรม สภาพแวดล้อมทางภูมิศาสตร์ วัฒนธรรม ของท้องถิ่น
ตัวอย่างนักกีฬาชื่อดังที่ใส่มาล้วนมีเรื่องราวที่น่าสนใจ
ชอบในบทสรุป2เรื่องที่ได้จากการอ่านคือ “ไม่มีคำว่าสายเกินไปที่จะเริ่มซ้อม” และ “ไม่มีตารางซ้อมแบบเดียวที่เหมาะกับทุกคน”
ว่าแล้วหลังจากนี้เราจะหารูปแบบการออกกำลังกายที่เหมาะกับเราให้เจอและจะซ้อมให้สนนุก

[Lindsay Bolender · Rating 4 out of 5]

Read this book if you’re interested in genetics, sports, the nature vs. nurture debate, gender division, psychology, and brain science. The language is clinical and matter of fact, and long, so if you aren’t interested in any of those things there is no literary compensation. I happen to enjoy the topics, so I enjoyed the book. My most prized takeaway is for various genetic reasons, I can go ahead and give up on trying to become a runner and stick to the sports that suit me. 😆

[Atila Iamarino · Rating 5 out of 5]

Bem explicado, bem escrito e abrangente. O autor consegue deixar bem claro quanto genes e treino importam para o desempenho atlético. Também sabe escolher ótimos exemplos de esportistas para ilustrar o ponto que quer explicar. Passa principalmente por performance de corrida, de curta e longa distância, natação, basquete, e com uma boa discussão sobre os genes envolvidos.