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從歷史的終結到民主的崩壞：法蘭西斯‧福山講座
「全世界民主國家開始有這個趨勢，民主的政治系統沒辦法去做出重大決定，因為體制上的阻礙造成了行政阻礙，也引發了「強人政治」的需求，你需要一個強人來克服這些困難與阻礙……。」──法蘭西斯‧福山談川普上任
1989年，一篇名為〈歷史的終結？〉的文章在知識界引起軒然大波，激起熱烈的辯論，而就在幾個月後，東歐共產國家分崩離析、蘇聯解體，正如同這篇文章所論：民主體制將成為人類的最終選擇。
這個準確預言了未來發展的文章作者，就是法蘭西斯‧福山。他對東西方政治制度的瞭解、對趨勢的掌握，讓他得以指出歷史的走向，也對政治局勢的發展知之甚詳。
2017年，福山教授受邀來台進行長風講座，其演講主題是「從歷史的終結到民主的崩壞」。這個主題又包括兩個子題：「自由主義國際秩序的崩解？」和「中美爭鋒及其影響」。
在第一個子題中，福山教授論及二戰後美國「自由主義國際秩序」促進了經濟方面人員、物資與資金等流動，催生了世界貿易組織及歐盟等組織或協定，但目前的美國卻因國力的衰退與他國崛起，以及民粹風潮對憲政民主構成威脅等因素，動搖了其世界秩序維護者的地位。這些發展不只影響了美國大選的結果，也關乎未來世界局勢的變化。
在第二個子題中，福山教授與朱雲漢院士對談，聚焦討論中美的競爭與合作關係。他認為中國不太可能扮演美國在二戰後的國際角色，也無法成為與美國地位相等的世界強權，主要是因為中國本身就是國際體系長期的受益者，加上內部存在政權正當性的問題。他認為中國的危機在於：當中國的經濟成長率下降，中共政權可能採取民族主義來對抗國際社會，從而轉移國內民眾的不滿。在國際政治與經濟的角力上，中國的崛起還有許多值得我們深思之處。
這兩場講座，讓我們有機會了解福山對中美關係的看法，以及民粹主義如何衝擊民主政治。當民主體制受到民粹的挑戰時，如何在民主與民粹當中取得平衡，是當代社會的重要議題。
1989年，一篇名為〈歷史的終結？〉的文章在知識界引起軒然大波，激起熱烈的辯論，而就在幾個月後，東歐共產國家分崩離析、蘇聯解體，正如同這篇文章所論：民主體制將成為人類的最終選擇。
這個準確預言了未來發展的文章作者，就是法蘭西斯‧福山。他對東西方政治制度的瞭解、對趨勢的掌握，讓他得以指出歷史的走向，也對政治局勢的發展知之甚詳。
2017年，福山教授受邀來台進行長風講座，其演講主題是「從歷史的終結到民主的崩壞」。這個主題又包括兩個子題：「自由主義國際秩序的崩解？」和「中美爭鋒及其影響」。
在第一個子題中，福山教授論及二戰後美國「自由主義國際秩序」促進了經濟方面人員、物資與資金等流動，催生了世界貿易組織及歐盟等組織或協定，但目前的美國卻因國力的衰退與他國崛起，以及民粹風潮對憲政民主構成威脅等因素，動搖了其世界秩序維護者的地位。這些發展不只影響了美國大選的結果，也關乎未來世界局勢的變化。
在第二個子題中，福山教授與朱雲漢院士對談，聚焦討論中美的競爭與合作關係。他認為中國不太可能扮演美國在二戰後的國際角色，也無法成為與美國地位相等的世界強權，主要是因為中國本身就是國際體系長期的受益者，加上內部存在政權正當性的問題。他認為中國的危機在於：當中國的經濟成長率下降，中共政權可能採取民族主義來對抗國際社會，從而轉移國內民眾的不滿。在國際政治與經濟的角力上，中國的崛起還有許多值得我們深思之處。
這兩場講座，讓我們有機會了解福山對中美關係的看法，以及民粹主義如何衝擊民主政治。當民主體制受到民粹的挑戰時，如何在民主與民粹當中取得平衡，是當代社會的重要議題。
192 pages, Paperback
Published August 23, 2018
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About the author
Francis Fukuyama
116 books2,231 followersYoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is an American philosopher, political economist, and author.
Francis Fukuyama was born in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. His father, Yoshio Fukuyama, a second-generation Japanese-American, was trained as a minister in the Congregational Church and received a doctorate in sociology from the University of Chicago. His mother, Toshiko Kawata Fukuyama, was born in Kyoto, Japan, and was the daughter of Shiro Kawata, founder of the Economics Department of Kyoto University and first president of Osaka Municipal University in Osaka. Fukuyama's childhood years were spent in New York City. In 1967 his family moved to State College, Pennsylvania, where he attended high school.
Fukuyama received his Bachelor of Arts degree in classics from Cornell University, where he studied political philosophy under Allan Bloom. He earned his Ph.D. in government from Harvard University, studying with Samuel P. Huntington and Harvey C. Mansfield, among others. Fukuyama has been affiliated with the Telluride Association since his undergraduate years at Cornell, an educational enterprise that was home to other significant leaders and intellectuals, including Steven Weinberg and Paul Wolfowitz.
Fukuyama is currently the Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International Political Economy and Director of the International Development Program at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University, located in Washington, DC.
Fukuyama is best known as the author of The End of History and the Last Man, in which he argued that the progression of human history as a struggle between ideologies is largely at an end, with the world settling on liberal democracy after the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Fukuyama predicted the eventual global triumph of political and economic liberalism.
What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such... That is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.
He has written a number of other books, among them Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity and Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. In the latter, he qualified his original 'end of history' thesis, arguing that since biotechnology increasingly allows humans to control their own evolution, it may allow humans to alter human nature, thereby putting liberal democracy at risk. One possible outcome could be that an altered human nature could end in radical inequality. He is a fierce enemy of transhumanism, an intellectual movement asserting that posthumanity is a highly desirable goal.
The current revolution in biological sciences leads him to theorize that in an environment where science and technology are by no means at an end, but rather opening new horizons, history itself cannot therefore be said to be, as he once thought, at an end.
In another work The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstruction of Social Order, he explores the origins of social norms, and analyses the current disruptions in the fabric of our moral traditions, which he considers as arising from a shift from the manufacturing to the information age. This shift is, he thinks, normal and will prove self-correcting, given the intrinsic human need for social norms and rules.
Francis Fukuyama was born in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. His father, Yoshio Fukuyama, a second-generation Japanese-American, was trained as a minister in the Congregational Church and received a doctorate in sociology from the University of Chicago. His mother, Toshiko Kawata Fukuyama, was born in Kyoto, Japan, and was the daughter of Shiro Kawata, founder of the Economics Department of Kyoto University and first president of Osaka Municipal University in Osaka. Fukuyama's childhood years were spent in New York City. In 1967 his family moved to State College, Pennsylvania, where he attended high school.
Fukuyama received his Bachelor of Arts degree in classics from Cornell University, where he studied political philosophy under Allan Bloom. He earned his Ph.D. in government from Harvard University, studying with Samuel P. Huntington and Harvey C. Mansfield, among others. Fukuyama has been affiliated with the Telluride Association since his undergraduate years at Cornell, an educational enterprise that was home to other significant leaders and intellectuals, including Steven Weinberg and Paul Wolfowitz.
Fukuyama is currently the Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International Political Economy and Director of the International Development Program at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University, located in Washington, DC.
Fukuyama is best known as the author of The End of History and the Last Man, in which he argued that the progression of human history as a struggle between ideologies is largely at an end, with the world settling on liberal democracy after the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Fukuyama predicted the eventual global triumph of political and economic liberalism.
What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such... That is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.
He has written a number of other books, among them Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity and Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. In the latter, he qualified his original 'end of history' thesis, arguing that since biotechnology increasingly allows humans to control their own evolution, it may allow humans to alter human nature, thereby putting liberal democracy at risk. One possible outcome could be that an altered human nature could end in radical inequality. He is a fierce enemy of transhumanism, an intellectual movement asserting that posthumanity is a highly desirable goal.
The current revolution in biological sciences leads him to theorize that in an environment where science and technology are by no means at an end, but rather opening new horizons, history itself cannot therefore be said to be, as he once thought, at an end.
In another work The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstruction of Social Order, he explores the origins of social norms, and analyses the current disruptions in the fabric of our moral traditions, which he considers as arising from a shift from the manufacturing to the information age. This shift is, he thinks, normal and will prove self-correcting, given the intrinsic human need for social norms and rules.
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