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Paul and the Language of Faith
A dynamic reading of Paul’s faith language, outlining its subtle nuances as belief, trust, and faithfulness.
Faith language permeates the letters of Paul. Yet, its exact meaning is not always clear. Many today, reflecting centuries of interpretation, consider belief in Jesus to be a passive act. In this important book, Nijay Gupta challenges common assumptions in the interpretation of Paul and calls for a reexamination of Paul’s faith language. Gupta argues that Paul’s faith language resonates with a Jewish understanding of covenant involving goodwill, trust, and expectation. Paul’s understanding of faith involves the transformation of one’s perception of God and the world through Christ, relational dependence on Christ, as well as active loyalty to Christ.
Pastors and scholars alike will benefit from this close examination of Paul’s understanding and use of faith language. For Gupta, Paul’s understanding involves a divine-human relationship centered on Christ that believes, trusts, and obeys.
Faith language permeates the letters of Paul. Yet, its exact meaning is not always clear. Many today, reflecting centuries of interpretation, consider belief in Jesus to be a passive act. In this important book, Nijay Gupta challenges common assumptions in the interpretation of Paul and calls for a reexamination of Paul’s faith language. Gupta argues that Paul’s faith language resonates with a Jewish understanding of covenant involving goodwill, trust, and expectation. Paul’s understanding of faith involves the transformation of one’s perception of God and the world through Christ, relational dependence on Christ, as well as active loyalty to Christ.
Pastors and scholars alike will benefit from this close examination of Paul’s understanding and use of faith language. For Gupta, Paul’s understanding involves a divine-human relationship centered on Christ that believes, trusts, and obeys.
240 pages, Paperback
Published February 4, 2020
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189 people want to read
About the author
Nijay K. Gupta
47 books192 followersNijay K. Gupta is Professor of New Testament at Northern Seminary. He has written or edited more than twenty books and has published dozens of academic articles. He is an award-winning researcher and a member of the Society of New Testament Studies.
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Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 reviews
November 4, 2020
In Paul and the Language of Faith, Nijay K. Gupta explores the varied and polyvalent meaning of pistis and pistis cognates in the New Testament. Through an analysis of pistis language in the ancient Greek-speaking world, the Septuagint, and Second Temple-period, Gupta establishes the varied ways writers used pistis and its cognates. The major takeaway is that reducing faith language to either mere “belief” or only “faithfulness” is to miss the important ways in which faith language can modulate toward different shades of meaning based upon its usage.
With chapters on the history of interpretation, faith language in the Jesus tradition, and the major books of the Pauline corpus, Gupta surveys a broad territory under 200 pages. And while certain sections get in the weeds of certain debates in New Testament scholarship, the writing style is clear enough for readers with little familiarity of the literature to understand the thrust of Gupta’s argument.
Along the way, Gupta’s analysis shines light on other disputed issues in New Testament studies including understandings of divine and human agency; the fraught pistis Christou debate; the apocalyptic turn; and much more. Not only will readers have a fuller understanding of faith language for the exegesis of difficult texts, but Gupta’s analysis is a model of a bright future for New Testament studies; namely, how asking some basic questions—how might ancient audiences understand the fluidity of faith language?—can shed needed light on hotly disputed issues.
Reader’s of Paul and the Language of Faith will come away with a greater appreciation of the subtle ways in which Paul’s usage of pistis can have shades of meaning that are sometimes glossed over in English translation. Gupta is to be commended for his lucid treatment of an issue that is at the heart of the Christian faith—faith itself.
With chapters on the history of interpretation, faith language in the Jesus tradition, and the major books of the Pauline corpus, Gupta surveys a broad territory under 200 pages. And while certain sections get in the weeds of certain debates in New Testament scholarship, the writing style is clear enough for readers with little familiarity of the literature to understand the thrust of Gupta’s argument.
Along the way, Gupta’s analysis shines light on other disputed issues in New Testament studies including understandings of divine and human agency; the fraught pistis Christou debate; the apocalyptic turn; and much more. Not only will readers have a fuller understanding of faith language for the exegesis of difficult texts, but Gupta’s analysis is a model of a bright future for New Testament studies; namely, how asking some basic questions—how might ancient audiences understand the fluidity of faith language?—can shed needed light on hotly disputed issues.
Reader’s of Paul and the Language of Faith will come away with a greater appreciation of the subtle ways in which Paul’s usage of pistis can have shades of meaning that are sometimes glossed over in English translation. Gupta is to be commended for his lucid treatment of an issue that is at the heart of the Christian faith—faith itself.
January 24, 2024
Gupta gives a fine survey of many uses of pistis in Paul, but by his own admission he is selective, and overemphasizes the human will in the conversation of faith. Nevertheless, I do believe this is a good resource for the Greek exegete.
January 8, 2025
Great book on Paul’s usage of faith and how it relates to the rest of scripture and ongoing scholarship. Gupta’s ability to make scholarship accessible is very appreciated and I would recommend this book for anyone wanting to know more about Paul and what the word “faith” actually means.
June 1, 2020
Summary: A study of the word pistis, often translated as "faith" as used in the writings of Paul, the rest of scripture, as well as in literature contemporary to the time, showing the rich nuances of meaning that must be determined by context.
In recent Pauline scholarship, perhaps no matter has been discussed more than how pistis, the word most often translated as "faith" might be understood. Underlying this are concerns of faith versus works, our understand of the continuity and distinction between Old Covenant and New, the place of human agency, and divine providence in our salvation, and epitomizing all of this, how one translates the Pauline phrase pistis Christou. Traditionally this has been translated "faith in Christ" but equally, it could be translated "the faithfulness of Christ," depending on one's interpretation of the genitive form of Christou.
Nijay K. Gupta takes a different slant on this discussion. He focuses in closely on the usages of the word pistis in both biblical texts and literature roughly contemporary to it. In so doing, he helps us to see that it is a word rich in meaning, variously reflecting ideas of trust, faithfulness, doctrinal beliefs, loyalty, and more, and that its meaning must be understood contextually, keeping all these valences of meaning in mind.
After laying out the issues he will deal with and his approach, Gupta surveys the scholarly understanding of "faith" in Paul from early and medieval times, through the Reformation, and into the modern era. Then he looks back to Jewish and non-Jewish writings, and shows that these also used the word, and that Paul did not write in a vacuum. He considers the gospels, which were still in oral tradition or beginning to be written and not likely accessible to Paul. In these he finds usages that reflect seeking, believing, trusting, and obeying. While faith looks to the efficacy of Jesus' acts, it is not passive, but often acts on what is believed to be true.
The remainder of the book (chapter 5 onward) is devoted primarily to the Pauline corpus. Here, likewise, Gupta shows that pistis manifests in a variety of closely related nuances. In 1 Thessalonians and Philippians, the emphasis is on a faith(fulness) in adversity, in persecution and in imprisonment. Gupta also parallels Paul's teaching to that of the letters to the churches in Revelation. In 1 Corinthians, Gupta shows that "Faith is recognition of and a living into a poverty of self-generated, self-reliant knowledge and wisdom. It is a clinging to the 'strange wisdom' of God in Christ Jesus." In 2 Corinthians, faith looks not at material forms or idols but believes and lives into unseen realities, in this case a believing faith.
In his treatment of Galatians, Gupta explores the question of agency. In dealing with the question of faith and works, Gupta moves beyond the New Perspective's Covenantal Nomism, which involves faith and the obligations of faith under the covenant, to what he calls Covenantal Pistism, where the focus is on the covenantal relationship with Christ, and the centrality of his mediatorial work, where faith is living "in Christ." He then turns to the faith language of Romans 1:16-17, and argues for this reflecting the idea of trusting faithfulness that commits one's life and existence to God.
Gupta engages, rather briefly, in a discussion of pistis Christou in light of his prior development of the idea of pistis. So often, this discussion runs along either-or categories of human faith, almost as a work, or the initiative of the faithfulness of Christ. He opts for a third way of understanding pistis Christou as participation in the faithfulness of Christ by a relationship of utter trust in Christ's saving work. The translation shorthand for this, somewhat awkward, is "Christ-relation(ship)."
His final chapter then is one of synthesis, weaving together his ideas of faith as trust, belief, and faithfulness and his ideas of Christ-relation. This statement about human agency near the end seemed to me to capture the various strands of this study:
I don't want to belabor the point, but this retrospective discussion of the divine-human agency question, with special interest in faith language, can help to reconceive of the matter as more than a formula (what amount of divine or human contribution equals salvation?). This is a non-starter for Paul. Christ is all in all!, he would say. But we cannot discount the way πιστις functions for Paul anthropologically, epistemologically, and socially as the way believers relate to God through the Christ-relation, which is necessarily thoughtful and participatory (socially, volitionally, existentially, etc).
Gupta offers us a valuable work that moves us beyond the either-or discussions of faith and faithfulness, of sovereign grace and human agency in Paul to one that both magnifies the faithfulness of Christ and the all-embracing life of faith in relation to Christ who has acted efficaciously on our behalf on the cross. He points the way to the richness of faith in Christ, not merely affirming doctrines, or praying prayers but a life of devoted loyalty and trust in all things, because of the surpassing great work of the Faithful One.
________________________________
Disclosure of Material Connection: I received a complimentary review copy of this book from the publisher. The opinions I have expressed are my own.
In recent Pauline scholarship, perhaps no matter has been discussed more than how pistis, the word most often translated as "faith" might be understood. Underlying this are concerns of faith versus works, our understand of the continuity and distinction between Old Covenant and New, the place of human agency, and divine providence in our salvation, and epitomizing all of this, how one translates the Pauline phrase pistis Christou. Traditionally this has been translated "faith in Christ" but equally, it could be translated "the faithfulness of Christ," depending on one's interpretation of the genitive form of Christou.
Nijay K. Gupta takes a different slant on this discussion. He focuses in closely on the usages of the word pistis in both biblical texts and literature roughly contemporary to it. In so doing, he helps us to see that it is a word rich in meaning, variously reflecting ideas of trust, faithfulness, doctrinal beliefs, loyalty, and more, and that its meaning must be understood contextually, keeping all these valences of meaning in mind.
After laying out the issues he will deal with and his approach, Gupta surveys the scholarly understanding of "faith" in Paul from early and medieval times, through the Reformation, and into the modern era. Then he looks back to Jewish and non-Jewish writings, and shows that these also used the word, and that Paul did not write in a vacuum. He considers the gospels, which were still in oral tradition or beginning to be written and not likely accessible to Paul. In these he finds usages that reflect seeking, believing, trusting, and obeying. While faith looks to the efficacy of Jesus' acts, it is not passive, but often acts on what is believed to be true.
The remainder of the book (chapter 5 onward) is devoted primarily to the Pauline corpus. Here, likewise, Gupta shows that pistis manifests in a variety of closely related nuances. In 1 Thessalonians and Philippians, the emphasis is on a faith(fulness) in adversity, in persecution and in imprisonment. Gupta also parallels Paul's teaching to that of the letters to the churches in Revelation. In 1 Corinthians, Gupta shows that "Faith is recognition of and a living into a poverty of self-generated, self-reliant knowledge and wisdom. It is a clinging to the 'strange wisdom' of God in Christ Jesus." In 2 Corinthians, faith looks not at material forms or idols but believes and lives into unseen realities, in this case a believing faith.
In his treatment of Galatians, Gupta explores the question of agency. In dealing with the question of faith and works, Gupta moves beyond the New Perspective's Covenantal Nomism, which involves faith and the obligations of faith under the covenant, to what he calls Covenantal Pistism, where the focus is on the covenantal relationship with Christ, and the centrality of his mediatorial work, where faith is living "in Christ." He then turns to the faith language of Romans 1:16-17, and argues for this reflecting the idea of trusting faithfulness that commits one's life and existence to God.
Gupta engages, rather briefly, in a discussion of pistis Christou in light of his prior development of the idea of pistis. So often, this discussion runs along either-or categories of human faith, almost as a work, or the initiative of the faithfulness of Christ. He opts for a third way of understanding pistis Christou as participation in the faithfulness of Christ by a relationship of utter trust in Christ's saving work. The translation shorthand for this, somewhat awkward, is "Christ-relation(ship)."
His final chapter then is one of synthesis, weaving together his ideas of faith as trust, belief, and faithfulness and his ideas of Christ-relation. This statement about human agency near the end seemed to me to capture the various strands of this study:
I don't want to belabor the point, but this retrospective discussion of the divine-human agency question, with special interest in faith language, can help to reconceive of the matter as more than a formula (what amount of divine or human contribution equals salvation?). This is a non-starter for Paul. Christ is all in all!, he would say. But we cannot discount the way πιστις functions for Paul anthropologically, epistemologically, and socially as the way believers relate to God through the Christ-relation, which is necessarily thoughtful and participatory (socially, volitionally, existentially, etc).
Gupta offers us a valuable work that moves us beyond the either-or discussions of faith and faithfulness, of sovereign grace and human agency in Paul to one that both magnifies the faithfulness of Christ and the all-embracing life of faith in relation to Christ who has acted efficaciously on our behalf on the cross. He points the way to the richness of faith in Christ, not merely affirming doctrines, or praying prayers but a life of devoted loyalty and trust in all things, because of the surpassing great work of the Faithful One.
________________________________
Disclosure of Material Connection: I received a complimentary review copy of this book from the publisher. The opinions I have expressed are my own.
July 1, 2022
Simply Awesome
Nijay is such a joy to read. This book was so much fun to work through and his humility shines through the pages. A nice survey of the popular interpretation on multiple topics, a good bit of cultural context of the term pistis as well as a brief excursus on a handful of verses in Galatians result in this book being a 5 star gem full of helpful insights. Kudos to Nijay on this incredible work, I really enjoyed it and believe it will be a blessing to the Church for years to come.
Nijay is such a joy to read. This book was so much fun to work through and his humility shines through the pages. A nice survey of the popular interpretation on multiple topics, a good bit of cultural context of the term pistis as well as a brief excursus on a handful of verses in Galatians result in this book being a 5 star gem full of helpful insights. Kudos to Nijay on this incredible work, I really enjoyed it and believe it will be a blessing to the Church for years to come.
March 8, 2025
Excellent.
A compelling case for reimagining how we interpret “faith” in our English Bibles.
Dr. Gupta draws from a vast array of ancient sources to examine how the word pistis was used in its historical context. This informs the evaluation of how those contemporary sources may have influenced Paul’s usage of the word. He argues that Paul and his contemporaries likely understood pistis as something closer to loyalty or embodied trust, rather than simply referring to beliefs. The bulk of the book is then dedicated to Pauline exegesis where he highlights the polymorphous nature of πιστις.
My only caution with this book would be this: I’ve only recently started learning Greek and still know very little, but even a basic familiarity with Koine Greek made this much easier to digest. At times, Gupta leaves certain words or phrases untranslated which may make for a slightly frustrating read if you don’t know any Greek.
Aside from that, I’d highly recommend this to any fellow Bible nerds.
Similar argument to Salvation by Allegiance by Matthew Bates if you’ve read that.
A compelling case for reimagining how we interpret “faith” in our English Bibles.
Dr. Gupta draws from a vast array of ancient sources to examine how the word pistis was used in its historical context. This informs the evaluation of how those contemporary sources may have influenced Paul’s usage of the word. He argues that Paul and his contemporaries likely understood pistis as something closer to loyalty or embodied trust, rather than simply referring to beliefs. The bulk of the book is then dedicated to Pauline exegesis where he highlights the polymorphous nature of πιστις.
My only caution with this book would be this: I’ve only recently started learning Greek and still know very little, but even a basic familiarity with Koine Greek made this much easier to digest. At times, Gupta leaves certain words or phrases untranslated which may make for a slightly frustrating read if you don’t know any Greek.
Aside from that, I’d highly recommend this to any fellow Bible nerds.
Similar argument to Salvation by Allegiance by Matthew Bates if you’ve read that.
June 21, 2024
Excellent Biblical Resource on Paul!
Nijay Gupta does an excellent job explaining the language of faith when it comes to the apostle Paul. His monograph is an excellent endeavor in offering a biblical exposition on Paul's hermeneutic on the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. I am giving this excellent biblical resource on Paul a five out of five stars. I recommend it to pastors and biblical scholars alike!
Nijay Gupta does an excellent job explaining the language of faith when it comes to the apostle Paul. His monograph is an excellent endeavor in offering a biblical exposition on Paul's hermeneutic on the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. I am giving this excellent biblical resource on Paul a five out of five stars. I recommend it to pastors and biblical scholars alike!
October 15, 2020
A wonderful, concise-yet-deeply-scholarly summary of the use of the word "pistis" in both the Greco-Roman context and specifically in Paul's epistolary writing. Full review forthcoming from Englewood Review of Books.
January 1, 2023
A very helpful study on Paul’s use of faith language. Everything that Gupta puts out is carefully researched and well-written. There are a few places where I think he could have pushed his arguments further, but still worth your time.
August 6, 2022
Enjoyable and thoughtful read - but so very many typos! At least in the Kindle version I read.
Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 reviews