Northern Europe is a region often overlooked in sweeping examinations of world history. This is the case for many obvious reasons: its geographical isolation has kept it from being at the forefront of many worldwide conflicts, and the combined population of the Scandinavian nations is less than the U.S. state of California. Its seeming absence from center stage when it comes to many of the world’s dramas does not, however, mean that the counties which comprise it do not have harrowing stories and fascinating histories of their own. The retelling of these tales is a task best done by those with the most intimate knowledge of Scandinavia's history, and A History of the Kingdom of Denmark leaves little doubt that the author qualifies as possessing this.
Palle Lauring’s book gifts readers with a well-balanced recounting of the Danish people’s history. Its initial chapter reaches back to the Ice Age (when travel between the present day area of Denmark and the three more northerly Scandivanian nations was a possibility due to the absence of higher sea levels) and provides details of the hunter-gatherers and the spread of Bronze Age culture to Denmark in the millennium before Christ. Descriptions and photos of the primitive tools and weapons from early Scandinavian societies draw readers into the book's orbit from the start.
Denmark developed along a different path than much of mainland Europe: though too far north to receive embrace from the Roman Empire’s tentacles, much evidence still remains of the country’s influence by Roman culture by way of trade.
The story of the Vikings is recounted in Chapter Two. As engrossing as this brutal era always is to read about, it is a credit to A History of the Kingdom of Denmark (which was translated into English from the original Danish by David Hohnen) that it arguably is not even the book’s most engrossing segment.
Possibly stemming from the word vik or vig from their nickname as “The men from the fjord”, these Scandinavian raiders receive ample focus in the narrative. The establishment of independent Viking settlements in England, which became a Viking kingdom known as “Danelagh,” was an interesting piece of information to discover, showing how the Vikings (as they also were in Greenland) were not merely feared raiders, but settlers as well. In fact, the Viking age is said to have as its unofficial genesis an attack on Lindisfarne in northeast England on June 8, 793. It took the valiant efforts of Alfred the Great to ensure the English finally pushed back against the pesky raiders from Norway and Denmark.
That a portion of Ireland and the Normandy region of France was also ceded to the Vikings demonstrated their propensity for conquering. The early Danish king Harald Bluetooth-who was credited with introducing Christianity to the hitherto-perceived-as-heathen Denmark-became concerned at the fact that large swaths of his nation remained defenseless while the Vikings were out doing their thing. This early king had an idea of reigning in Denmark’s penchant for sending out warriors to inflict pillage on the coasts of other European nations. But Bluetooth’s death, and the ascension to the throne of his equally impressively named son (Swedyn Forkbeard) to the throne, ensured the Viking age lasted slightly longer. English leader Ethel the Unready was forced by Forkbeard into handing over tribute payments, and under his watch London was even captured.
Forkbeard’s slightly less vividly named son, Canute the Great, would end up causing grumbling from his Danish subjects over the fact the he spent so much time manning things in England that he was rarely ever back home in Denmark. The Viking age would officially expire soon after Canute's time on the throne.
The book moves on to give a detailed accounting of the development of the Danish monarchy, providing readers with a look at the reigns of Valdemar I (aka Valdemar the Great) and Canute VI, times during which agriculture advanced and the volume of churches being erected in the rural portions of Denmark showed that ample capital was present in the countryside.
The lack of large towns in Denmark was already evident in this period, and Lauring chalks this dearth up to the country’s geography. Since it possesses so many usable fjords and inlets, it was unlikely there would be a single harbor or two which would come to dominate trade. Thanks to this topographical quirk, Denmark (to this day) consists of many spread out towns and very few large towns.
Valdemar II’s (a.k.a. Valdemar the Victorious’s) ascension to the throne sees the northern Germanic areas conquered from Frederick II and the taking over of Estonia following the Battle of Lyndanisse in 1219. It was during this battle the modern flag of Denmark (also known as the Knights of Malta banner) was thought to be flown for the first time. It was said that this flag was donated to Danish troops by the pope to take with them on their Estonian crusade.
The book points out that Germans were so cowed by Valdemar II that they dated events not from the birth of Christ, but from the date of his taking the throne. Valdemar II would ultimately be kidnapped and the Germanic lands taken back during this unplanned absence. Allegedly while under duress, he promises to not take back these lands, but fights to do so anyways upon his return home from captivity. He would fail to regain them by force-and lose an eye while trying! It is stories like this which are peppered throughout a History of the Kingdom of Denmark and cause it to move beyond a mere recounting of stale facts.
But the Valdemars were not done.
A bumpy patch in the country’s history was righted by the highly renowned Valdemar Atterdag in the mid-14th century. He helped seize the Scanian provinces and personally led the charge to take over Gotland (earning himself and future Danish kings the title “King of the Goths”), bringing on Denmark the ire of the Swedes in the process. The capture of Stockholm and the whole of Sweden by Denmark’s King Christian II in 1520 is just one example of the bad faith between the two bordering countries. In fact, the book is notable for its recounting of tension between Sweden and Denmark. At the same time, Norway and Denmark often enjoy amiable ties. The latter two countries spent over four hundred years in a union with one another, even sharing heirs to the royal throne.
King Eric’s signing of the Royal Charter at Nyborg in 1282 meant a curtailing of the King’s powers; modeled on the Magna Carta fifty-seven years earlier, this document stated the king would lend his to the nobles and call a national assembly annually. King Eric-not alone in this category-would meet his end in a bloody manner several years after signing the charter. The Royal Charter followed on the heels of Valdemar the Victorious’s signing of the highly acclaimed Jutlandic Law in 1241. This provided the country with its first written laws, although they only applied to the areas of Jutland, Slesvig, and Funen.
Denmark at this time combined Christian beliefs brought over during the Viking age with many folk beliefs that had been present in Scandinavia for generations. The sheer number of churches constructed in Denmark attested to their at least outward willingness to not fully bow to the Nordic gods, and the al secco murals showed the level of commitment the Scandinavian countries had toward their places of worship. The Reformation would obviously have its effects in 16th century Denmark, but the country escaped relatively unscathed compared to the violence that event inflicted on other European states.
A misstep of policy documented by A History of the Kingdom of Denmark is the establishment of Sound Dues at the turn of the 15th century. These were taxes forced on seafaring nations which sought the privilege of using the Baltic Sea’s entrance, and their implementation by Eric of Pomerania resulted in resentment toward Denmark by numerous European states. On the other hand, the impression is given that reforms in the 1700s by Christian VI designed to help Denmark’s peasants were an excellent step forward for Danish freedom. The “Liberty Memorial” obelisk in Copenhagen was put up in recognition of Christian VI’s efforts to help the peasantry attain a better life.
A continually challenging policy which recurs throughout the book is how to handle the Danish duchies of Slesvig and Holstein, areas with their own culture who did not always feel like they fit in with broader Danish society. In fact, their inclinations toward Germany caused problems during World War One, and if not for the harsh treatment of Denmark by the Nazis during their occupation of Denmark, might have caused an issue during World War Two as well.
Denmark’s fighting against England is a broader part of the chaos unleashed by Napoleon’s rise to power at the turn of the 18th century. The fight in Copenhagen’s harbor on Maundy Thursday, 1801, between Admiral Olfert Fischer and the Royal Navy’s Admirals Parker and Nelson, resulted in a defeat but a subsequent lift in morale for Denmark.
This was followed up six years later by another attack on the city by British forces (brought on by complications arising from the Treaty of Tilsit) by a bombardment of Copenhagen by British naval forces, an attack which ended in nearly the entire Dano-Norwegian fleet being taken away by England. The fury this attack engendered amongst Danes, who did not even view themselves as a hostile nation in relation to England, is communicated by the author. The sort of national spirit they showed during-and after-this attack would be present again after Denmark's capitulation to the Nazis. While Lauring makes clear modern Danes are not a warlike people, viewing it as senseless and a waste of lives and capital, he uses examples like the arousal of a patriotic spirit following the British attack and Nazi invasion as proof that they will push back when there is no longer an alternative.
It is this pride in his country tempered by a willingness to provide readers with a balanced view of its past that makes Palle Lauring's history of Denmark such a fantastic piece of writing. Whether or not the credit goes to the author or the translator, the existence of not a single typographical error attests to the level of attentiveness to detail present in the composition and narrative. Readers should not skip over this book due to an unfamiliarity with its subject; this lack of familiarity will actually make it a more enjoyable trip through time, as many details unknown to the vast majority of non-Danes will be unveiled during its reading.
-Andrew Canfield Denver, Colorado