I liked this almost as much as James Clear's Atomic Habits. Here are a few of my random notes:
Mark Twain said, “Nothing so needs reforming as other people’s habits.”
“Our own behavior springs from some of the most mysterious, deeply hidden, and unrecognized sources of irrationality.”
“Excuse making is a talent at which our conscious minds excel.”
The food industry has been investing in hyperstimulating foods with the power to keep us eating. Scientists have devised ways to get you to eat more than you naturally desire.
“If our noisy, egotistical consciousness takes all the credit for the actions of our silent habitual self, we’ll never learn how to properly exploit this hidden resource. Our conscious self’s intrusion is keeping us from taking advantage of our habits.”
William James published The Principles of Psychology in 1890. He stated, “The more of the details of our daily life we can hand over to the effortless custody of automatism, the more our higher powers of mind will be set free for their proper work.” James also suggested, people act on habit “without any consciously formed purpose, or anticipation of result. Our responses are no longer aimed at seeking outcomes; instead they are triggered automatically by the performance context.”
Our reasons for acting become unimportant for habits. Goals and rewards are critical for starting to do something repeatedly. They are what lead us to form many beneficial habits in the first place. Habit memories simplify our lives by solving the everyday challenges of making decisions in an environment stuffed with choices. Acting on habit frees our conscious mind to do the tasks it was designed for, like solving problems.
Goethe wrote, “Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do.”
Many times the change in awareness is real but the change of behavior was nonexistent. The striking disconnect between what we know and what we do has deep origins in the brain.
Almost half of food preparation and consumption is habitual. We eat out of habit.
The famous Marshmallow studies on pre-school children demonstrated that children who were able to demonstrate self-control (25% who delayed gratification for 15 minutes for 2 marshmallows - “delayer” vs. “grabber” (75% who succumbed to the temptation of a single marshmallow) at a young age would enjoy greater success later in life. The 25% developed distracting strategies. When the study changed a bit, children were able to wait about 10 minutes when the treat was hidden vs. when it was in plain view, they lasted only 6 minutes. Yet, only when the marshmallow was available, visible, and tempting did waiting signal resiliently high performance throughout life. Lesson: we can arrange our world in a way that enables our success.
People high in self-control are not living a life full of self-denial and deprivation. They just have good habits. “High self-controllers achieved desired outcomes by streamlining, not struggling.” They know how to form good habits by repeating the same things at the same times and in the same places.
Pilots like to say that “good landings are the result of good approaches.”
Mark Twain said, “Quitting smoking is easy, I’ve done it hundreds of times.” In the 1950s, nearly 50% of the U.S. population smoked regularly (80% in the UK). Many doctors would tell you that smoking in moderation was perfectly fine. The turning point was in 1964 with the U.S. Surgeon General’s report. Warning labels were put on cigarette packs in 1966. In 1969, about 70% of Americans recognized that smoking was bad for health. Yet, knowledge did not translate into action. 40% of Americans were cigarette smokers in 1964 and 40% in 1973. Only about 15% of Americans and 28% of Europeans now smoke. The U.S. cut smoking prevalence by more than half in about 50 years. How? 68% of smokers say they want to quit completely but only 10% actually stop smoking for good. Most end up relapsing within a week, typically. To quit successfully can take 30 or more attempts. Nixon’s Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act took ads off of TV in 1970. Tobacco control laws changed the environment to be smaller and less contagious. Also, residents smoke less in states with higher taxes; for each 10% increase in taxes levied on a pack of cigarettes, adult smoking drops an average 4%. Tobacco control laws are restraining forces that increase the friction on smoking.
15% of our soldiers in Vietnam were addicted to heroin. Upon returning home, only 5% remained addicted. The context changed with greater friction – new surroundings and restraining forces.
Psychologist Kurt Lewin’s famous equation – B = f(P,E) or Behavior is a function of person and the context/environment.
Context is everything in the world surrounding you (e.g. your location, the people you are with, the time of day and the actions you just performed) – everything but you.
Friction reducer examples: regular auto transfer deposits from our paychecks to our savings account, “Would you like fries with that?”, Netflix or Hulu automatically starting the next show without you doing anything to encourage binge-watching, ride-sharing companies (Uber and Lyft), grocery stores “Eye level is buy level.”
Your habit in-formation requires persistence, repetition, and those savvy context-manipulation tricks. “Remove the friction, set the right driving forces, and let the good habits roll into your life.” Friction can be manipulated to help accomplish astounding things.
Don’t get discouraged; different behaviors require different amounts of repetition to become automatic. With bigger, louder cues, your habit potentially matures faster.
Uncertainty of rewards lures us to casinos. Nearly 70% of gaming profits come from electronic slots and video poker. Machines are programmed to display near-misses more often than chance. Getting so close to winning feels like an accomplishment. Insensitivity to reward is the gold standard for identifying a habit. Habits thrive on reward uncertainty.
Beyond reward uncertainty, habits don’t crave variety. Variety weakens habit. Only by keeping our life as consistent as possible will your habit grow. Variety may be the enemy of your habitual self, but it’s still the spice of life (you can’t run on habits alone).
25% of Americans report extreme stress in their lives. The Japanese even have a work (karoshi) for the extreme workplace stress that leads to death. Major life changes are stressful times full of uncertainty. Habits are safe harbors in stressful times. There is a boost in habit performance when the rest of our mind in drained by life. But they are also opportunities to reimagine ourselves and restructure our lives. Discontinuity forces us to think, make fresh decisions, and act in new ways – ones that may work better for us. Big events in our lives are an opportunity to declutter our habit selves and free them up so that we can consciously establish some new, more productive habits. These events can disrupt our “just good enough” habits and make us seek a newer, faster, more effective way of doing things. They are excellent opportunities for us to remake ourselves.
The double law of habit is repetition strengthens our tendency to act, but it also weakens our sensation of that act. We habituate. It has the power to sap force and meaning from our lives as we tend to keep doing things long after they have lost meaning for us. Life is a more intense experience once we’re no longer on autopilot.
Protect your good habits so that they can weather change, and use disruptions to pierce your bad habits at their most vulnerable places.
Economist Richard Thaler’s 2009 book Nudge discussed cues and context and choice architecture (e.g. default options and opt-in vs. opt-out for organ donation and 401-k contributions).