This is really a shame of a book, and falls into the "a good thought poorly executed" category of failure. It seems a great task to move philosophy into the public sphere, especially around the world, and even more especially through the exquisite system of Socratic inquiry. The question are traditional and inexhaustible: What is Piety? What is Moderation? What are Good, Courage, Virtue, and Justice? We seem well poised to deliver a thoughtful book on how different cultures look at these things at depth; and in the best version of this book, that is what would have happened: the author would have called into question in-built biases, errors in logic, and inconsistencies within these larger cultural structures, eventually honing in on the individual questions: What is Good to you? What is Good to your culture? How does Good look in terms of a broader humanity?
And yet, this book was strikingly un-Socratic, though why this was is a profound mystery to me. The author has clearly read of Socrates through Plato, and so should know how Socrates functions as an interlocutor. Yet, the author seemed merely content to listen in these dialogues, and doesn't really lead his partners (or himself) to greater understanding of the virtues. Basically, the author pitched the question, one discussion member would run with the chosen virtue through a cultural lens, another would either agree or disagree through that same cultural lens, so on and so forth. But the groups were never challenged. All the dialogue occurred within the cultural framework at hand, but the assumptions and foundational principles of those worldviews were never questioned. (Can you imagine Socrates not pushing down that far?) At most the author would ask one or two clarifying questions, but there was no push toward finding Truth. Perhaps he did not want to assume cultural knowledge and force scrutiny of ingrained cultural norms; perhaps he didn't trust that his interlocutors would be willing to actually have difficult conversations; perhaps the focus of these groups is not pursuing Truth. And even though the dialogues were at times tense, this does not mean that they were difficult. Just because two people disagree in conversation does not mean that a conversation is difficult; difficulty arises when, in order to move on, one person has to give something up -- and often this is a cherished notion or belief. But there's really none of that in this book; people sometimes shift focus or admit that someone has a point, but there's no greater direction to the conversation. We don't come away feeling that we've learned anything; people have just aired their laundry (i.e. their opinions) in front of others. And, again, there is almost no depth to any of these conversations. They flit all around the world, these superficial discussions on some of our most human virtues. It's a huge disservice to bring Socrates into this at all. Focusing on one cultural group per question (or two, at most) and then giving a deep analysis into objective morality through cultural expression would have been far more interesting, and, I think, far more meaningful for all involved.
And then there's the writing. Hoo-boy, was this challenging. There are, and I am not in any way exaggerating,
too many direct quotations in this book
. Again, this is not hyperbole: there is at least one direct quote per page of this book. I cannot imagine a writing style that is more chopped-up, more rampantly heterogeneous, or more unpleasant to experience than having to read someone else's words (someone else's voice) interspersed with the author's every other paragraph. It was absolutely bewildering. And the quotes generally aren't even good or germane. They smack of the "I've read this; have you?" sort of unnecessary pedantry which sits hidden underneath the sink for most authors. But in this book, in which probably 1/4 of the words are not the author's words, it just feels like literary exhibitionism. So this is problem one: hiding one's voice behind thousands of words that are not your own, in combination with an unnecessary concoction of eclectic and unenriching quotes. Problem two is just the spelling and other grammatical issues. I marked ten places at least in which things were misspelled or nonsensical, but nothing is worse than what occurs on page 233. This is exhibit A of the author reading things specifically so that he may feature them in a paragraph in his book yet not having a deeper contextual understanding of the topic: after spelling Akira Kurosawa's name (the Kurosawa!) correctly, he then proceeds to spell it incorrectly two different times! First, it is "Kurozawa" and then it is "Kirosawa"? How does this occur? I am generally forgiving of blips and errors, but a book of this size should not have as many as it does. And, in combination with the direct quotes (there are six on that page, by the way. Six), I find my ability to forgive riding off into the sunset rather quickly.
If there is anything of worth, it is the last chapter which explores the possibility of excellence in modernity. While that should have begun the book (there is no introduction, so we don't really know what the author is up to in this book (which I also take issue with)), at least it's at the end. If you are going for an introduction to philosophy, I wouldn't pick up this book. It's more cultural anthropology than anything, and it's not even really that.