demokratyczne ideały a rzeczywistość

by Halford John Mackinder

Halford John Mackinder (ur. 1861) wykładowca Uniwersytetu w Oksfordzie, główny założyciel London School of Economics.

"Mackinder stworzył najsłynniejsze dotąd prawo geopolityczne: Kto panuje nad Wschodnią Europą, ten włada Obszarem Centralnym; kto panuje nad Obszarem Centralnym, włada Światową Wyspą; kto panuje nad Światową Wyspą, włada światem. Mackinder obrazowo tłumaczy mechanizmy tworzenia się nowoczesnych mocarstw
i akumulacji bogactwa dzięki handlowi morskiemu. Wyparcie transportu lądowego jako głównej drogi wymiany handlowej zrewolucjonizowało stosunki międzynarodowe. Brytyjski geograf podkreśla, że fundamentem kultury strategicznej każdego państwa jest jego krwioobieg transportowy. Problematyka dominacji nad Światową Wyspą, w perspektywie obserwowanej zmiany hegemonicznej i chińskiego projektu Jednego Pasa Jednej Drogi, stanowi jedną z osiowych kwestii współczesnych studiów strategicznych."
-LESZEK SYKULSKI

"W 1919 r. Mackinder spotkał się z Piłsudskim. Przyjechał jako brytyjski komisarz przy wojskach Denikina, by namawiać do współdziałania militarnego Polski i białej Rosji. Piłsudski odmawiając, dał jednocześnie Brytyjczykowi do zrozumienia, że dla Polski, lezącej pomiędzy Niemcami a Sowietami, przewiduje w europejskim rozdaniu rolę podmiotową. Pod wpływem rozmowy z Komendantem Mackinder wystosował memorandum do premiera Lloyda Georga, w którym postulował budowę niezależnego bloku politycznego na obszarze Międzymorza.
Niebawem się przekonamy, czy w XXI wieku ta mackinderowska myśl rozstrzygnie nową rywalizację w Eurazji. Trzeba koniecznie przeczytać Mackindera, żeby zrozumieć mechanizmy działania sił geopolitycznych, zwłaszcza że Rzeczpospolita położona jest na styku płyt tektonicznych światowej polityki."
-JACEK BARTOSIAK

Genres: Politics, History, Nonfiction, Political Science, Philosophy, Geography, Russia

328 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 1919

About the author

Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861 – 1947) was an English geographer, academic, politician, the first Principal of University Extension College, Reading (which became the University of Reading) and Director of the London School of Economics. In January 1910 he was elected to Parliament as Liberal Unionist Party member for the Glasgow Camlachie constituency and was defeated in 1922.

Mackinder's work paved the way for the establishment of geography as a distinct discipline in the United Kingdom. His role in fostering the teaching of geography is probably greater than that of any other single English geographer. He became a full professor in Geography in the University of London (London School of Economics) in 1923.

Reviews

[Pat Dugan · Rating 5 out of 5]

This textbook was used in my college classes in 1968. It is unbelievable how accurate ALL of its predictions have become! Every day when I read the newspaper, I think of this book. I still have my college text and it is worn by reading and re-reading the chapters on China. This man was a political prophet.
Now that we have the WEAKEST president in our history, who insists on kissing the asses of the Muslims, the last part of his predictions will come true.

[Mateusz Matczak · Rating 4 out of 5]

TO NIE JEST Całkiem przyjemna książeczka. Ale w sumie dość ciekawe, i nawet ma praktyczne zastosowanie (z 20 złotych wydałem na karteczki samoprzylepne którymi mam pozaznaczane fragmenty, co sprowadza się do prostego faktu, iż moja książka wygląda jak jeż xD). Warto przeczytać, choć język dość trudny, i wymaga podstawowej wiedzy na temat geopolityki.

[Martin · Rating 5 out of 5]

Interesting strategy

[noblethumos · Rating 5 out of 5]

“Democratic Ideals and Reality" by Halford Mackinder presents a thought-provoking exploration of the challenges and complexities surrounding democratic governance. Mackinder critically examines the theoretical foundations, practical limitations, and historical manifestations of democracy, shedding light on the tensions between democratic ideals and the realities of political systems. This review aims to provide an academic evaluation of Mackinder's arguments, discussing the book's strengths, weaknesses, and its significance within the fields of political science, political theory, and comparative politics.


"Democratic Ideals and Reality" delves into the inherent contradictions and paradoxes embedded within democratic governance. Mackinder argues that while democracy is celebrated for its emphasis on popular sovereignty, individual rights, and political participation, it faces numerous challenges in practice. He analyzes the limitations of democracy, such as the potential for majority tyranny, the vulnerability to demagoguery, and the tension between individual freedom and social cohesion.

Mackinder's work stands out for its multidimensional analysis of democracy, encompassing historical, political, and sociological perspectives. He examines case studies from various nations and time periods to illustrate the complexities and variations of democratic systems. Mackinder's exploration of the relationship between democratic ideals and the realities of political power offers valuable insights into the intricacies of democratic governance.


One of the notable strengths of "Democratic Ideals and Reality" lies in Mackinder's comprehensive and balanced analysis of democracy. He skillfully addresses the theoretical foundations of democracy while acknowledging its practical challenges and limitations. Mackinder's ability to synthesize political theory, historical examples, and empirical evidence enriches the book's analysis and provides a nuanced understanding of the complexities of democratic governance.

Furthermore, Mackinder's emphasis on the importance of political education and civic engagement is particularly insightful. He recognizes that sustaining democratic systems requires an informed and engaged citizenry, highlighting the necessity of civic education and the cultivation of democratic values. This emphasis on the social and cultural dimensions of democracy contributes to a more holistic understanding of democratic processes.


While "Democratic Ideals and Reality" offers a comprehensive analysis of democracy, it is not without its limitations. Critics argue that Mackinder's focus on the challenges and limitations of democracy may overshadow its potential and positive aspects. A more explicit exploration of the positive outcomes and achievements of democratic systems would provide a more balanced assessment and counteract potential pessimism surrounding democratic governance.

Additionally, some scholars suggest that Mackinder's analysis does not fully account for the evolving nature of democratic systems and their ability to adapt to changing circumstances. A more dynamic consideration of democratic practices and the mechanisms through which they respond to societal changes would enhance the book's analytical breadth and relevance in contemporary political discourse.


"Democratic Ideals and Reality" holds significant importance within the fields of political science, political theory, and comparative politics as a seminal work that critically examines the complexities of democratic governance. Mackinder's analysis prompts critical reflections on the challenges and limitations of democracy, fostering a deeper understanding of the tensions between democratic ideals and political realities. The book's enduring significance lies in its ability to stimulate scholarly debates and inform discussions on the complexities of democratic governance.


"Democratic Ideals and Reality" by Halford Mackinder offers a comprehensive exploration of the paradoxes and challenges inherent in democratic governance. Mackinder's balanced analysis, historical examples, and emphasis on civic education contribute to a nuanced understanding of democratic processes. While the book has its limitations, its enduring significance lies in its ability to provoke critical reflections on the strengths, weaknesses, and complexities of democratic governance, encouraging scholars and policymakers to navigate the intricacies of democratic ideals and political realities.

GPT

[Kerem · Rating 5 out of 5]

As the inventor of the field of geopolitics, Mackinder presents in detail his heartland theory. Integrating the role of geography in the political events throughout the history, he discusses the sea people and land people, how they "burst" into big empires when they do and their weaknesses and limitations. His argumentation is intriguing and explains a lot of what happened since he came up with his theory at the start of 20th century. If you are interested in politics and/or history, this is definitely a must read.

[S. · Rating 5 out of 5]

Found this e-book on Barnes & Noble instead:
https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/demo...
(The Amazon link went to a blank page with a dog picture.)

[Andriy Klyuchevskyy · Rating 5 out of 5]

Great book from famous expert in geopolitics

[Logan Kroboth · Rating 3 out of 5]

“He who rules East Europe commands the Heartland:
He who rules the Heartland commands the World- Island:
He who rules the World-Island commands the World.”

[Kenneth · Rating 5 out of 5]

For anyone who enjoys geopolitical analyses, this is an awesome read. Written right at the end of World War I just prior to when the Versailles Conference got going. In the opening chapters he discusses his conceptions of how the world's geography has affected the course of human history, ideas first presented in 1904 in "The Geographical Pivot of History". He sees the world as two major divisions - the Coastlands and the Heartland. The Heartland consists of the great landmass of Eurasia, spreading out from eastern Germany through Russia, Siberia, Central Asia and China. The Coastlands are the British Isles, North America, South Africa, India, Japan, Australia and others. Geopolitically, it's generally in the interest of the Coastland powers that no one power dominates the Heartland. He has much to say about how the power politics of the 19th century led up to World War I. In the last few chapters he discusses how to defuse the clash of nations. For instance, he recommended the creation of a number of small states to be a buffer between Germany and Russia. This in fact came to pass. Much of what he wrote was quite prescient of later developments and very thought provoking.

[Rob · Rating 4 out of 5]

Thought provoking and relevant. How have cultures been shaped by the natural world? Geography is so much different than what we know today.
This work provides a unique insight into history and modern readers will see that the authors recommendations and cautions have been brought into our present realities.
Now how will we use this knowledge to shape the future?

[Marc · Rating 4 out of 5]

The gems of insight and threads of gold in the commentary alone make this book worthwhile. But, the focus is geopolitics in a very serious manner, and that is the limited audience that will find this book very interesting. Some sections of the book are far more dense and/or less relevant but that can be expected, overall the book holds up well on how to think about the topic.

[Marian · Rating 4 out of 5]

(Title should be Democratic Ideals and Reality, not "ideas".)

Not as intriguing as "The Geographical Pivot of History", but worth reading for the last two chapters.

[Ebook Reader · Rating 5 out of 5]

Great book, the e-book version can be found at:
https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/demo...

[Jason Jones · Rating 5 out of 5]

A very important book on geopolitics. Very useful for understanding the grand strategies of great powers. A very useful book even today.