Second instalment in the trilogy starting with Scattered All Over the Earth. It’s another episodic piece, each section presented from a specific character perspective. As before, it plays out in a dystopian world which does/doesn’t match our own. The primary setting’s a large Copenhagen hospital bearing an uncanny resemblance to the one found in Lars von Trier’s miniseries The Kingdom. Like von Trier’s, this hospital’s an eerie space where reality and rationality are undermined by a series of surreal, increasingly-absurd events. Yōko Tawada also “borrows” two of von Trier’s characters, his duo of hospital dishwashers. Performed by actors with Down Syndrome, the nameless pair formed a kind of Greek chorus, somehow privy to the hospital’s most sinister secrets. In Tawada’s novel these become Vita – after the actress in von Trier’s show – and Munun. Munun’s a seer of sorts who taps into the Japanese mythology referenced throughout.
Munun’s also Tsukuyomi – as in Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto - in Japanese legend the moon god strongly associated with manipulating time. This then connects Munun to the silent Susanoo, a hospital patient who’s attracted the attention of specialist Dr Velmar. Susanoo, we learn, is a manifestation of Susanoo-no-Mikoto god of turbulence, linked to sea and storms, and Tsukuyomi’s sibling. The novel’s mythological undercurrents and what they signify is complicated by numerous nods to Nordic myth, echoed in snake imagery that crops up at various points. New characters are joined by familiar ones: Hiruko, whose quest for someone who shares her “mother tongue” ties the somewhat-slender plot together, and companions Knut, Akash, Nanook, Nanook’s former partner Nora. All of whom eventually reunite in Copenhagen.
The action shifts between the hospital and the journeys taken by the original characters to reach it. Although ‘action’ should be taken loosely here, much of the novel’s quite static, claustrophobic even, centred on characters’ inner thoughts and feelings. Tawada’s key themes hark back to the first book: issues of language and identity interconnect and overlap with concerns around misogyny, climate change, and the crossing of literal and metaphorical borders. It’s an ambitious piece, sometimes too ambitious, occasionally so dense it was hard to unpick: people swap personalities; Nanook undertakes a dubious but oddly tangential mission in exchange for a train ticket; Nora retreats into memories of her shattered life after Knut’s birth; direct references to von Trier suggest this may be a series of onscreen performances in which everyone’s been assigned a fixed role. And it’s never clear whether the novel’s various ambiguities relate to its position between beginning and end of the trilogy – all might be revealed or at least become less cloudy in the final book – or something else entirely. Although I think comparisons to acting and film are partly intended to conjure notions of individuals locked into position by the people around them, forced to act in accordance with the expectations of their peers or their wider culture. An oblique commentary on homogeneity that feeds into Tawada’s ongoing critique of nationalism and accompanying desires for monolingual society.
Elements of the narrative made me uncertain to the point of discomfort, mostly arising from the portrayal of particular characters. Akash is introduced in the first book as a transwoman yet equally as someone who hasn’t fully assumed that identity - in the process of “becoming” as opposed to “being.” What that actually means isn’t fully addressed but “becoming” versus “being” does seem to be one of Tawada’s major preoccupations. Akash’s portrayal further complicated by the use of almost-exclusively masculine pronouns to describe them – possibly signalling denial or lack of knowledge of gender identity by others? Here, Akash appears to be genderfluid: Knut and, later, Manun reflect on whether to refer to Akash as ‘he’ or ‘she’ because of their shifting gender presentation – asking Akash doesn’t occur to either of them! But even though Akash’s now depicted as closer to genderfluid in terms of how they understand their gender, the default pronoun for Akash remains resolutely masculine. I wondered if this grating disconnect might stem from translation decisions rather than Tawada’s – I could see that translating this might pose challenges because of the intricacies of the figuring of gender in Japanese. But it’s possible too these are deliberate authorial choices, somehow rooted in the frameworks of this imagined, dystopian world - which doesn’t map onto contemporary reality in any systematic sense. Whatever the reasons behind these choices, I found the confusion unsettling – this is a novel that’s crying out for a translator’s afterword.
Another stumbling-block was the representation of Munun, and by association Vita. The rest of the hospital staff seem unwilling or unable to understand Munun and Vita when they speak. So, Munun and Vita construct their own language but the form, the vocabulary, of this language seemed a bit infantilising – at least to me. Moreover, as in von Trier’s story, Munun has semi-supernatural powers here explained by his status as part Japanese deity. But Manun’s apparent ‘gifts’ reminded me of an array of stigmatising false beliefs about ‘magical abilities’ surrounding people with disabilities and/or conditions like Down Syndrome. Although, to be fair to Tawada, her story does emphasize Munun’s individuality and agency. Other stereotypes turn up elsewhere in the novel – assumptions about India for example – but I interpreted these as semi-satirical digs at nationalism and ‘othering.’ Overall, I’m quite conflicted about this. It could be provocative in positive ways, there were numerous arresting passages, and instances of inventive imagery. And I appreciated the explicit, and implied, critique of strident nationalism, as well as Tawada’s sophisticated musings on language use, boundaries and borders. Translated by Margaret Mitsutani.
Thanks to Netgalley and publisher Granta for an ARC
Rating: 2.5 rounded up