"This mighty system protects our health by resisting uninvited infections, maintaining order and balance in our bodies, and healing wounds. It is our foundation to wellbeing."
"When it comes to maintaining good health, the immune system is our most precious asset, yet we rarely appreciate our essential defences until something goes wrong. We thank our immune system when we catch a cold and scramble for vitamin C supplements in the winter months."
"We have an obsession with looking healthy and being well, and yet we are sicker and unhappier than ever before. That's because our delicately balanced immunity is easily compromised by our ever-accelerating pace of life, with its relentless stress, pollution, overconsuming and under-moving. What modern life deems 'healthy' may not actually be so. Today, we're more likely to die from a lifestyle-related disease than any other cause, and many of these would be preventable if we took better care of our health."
"The immune system is a whole galaxy of cells know as white blood cells (leukocytes). Immunity also includes lymphatic organs (such as lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen), molecules (cytokines) and their collective array of biological functions."
"An immune system that doesn't produce a huge variety of unique T and B lymphocytes will probably miss or 'not see' certain germs or viruses, and these could go on, unchallenged, to cause disease."
"Tregs control or suppress other cells in the immune system, fighting substantial fires and making sure the other cells toe the line. Tregs are designed to send a signal that immunity should withdraw, pause and attack and stand down. Tregs are crucial to the overall balance of our immunity."
"Insufficient immunity (too many Tregs) may increase incidence of infections and cancer, while excessive 'friendly fire' (too few Tregs) may lead to damage to our own cells and organs."
"Humans are incredibly similar but also fundamentally diverse, and compatibility genes are the key to our individuality. Simply put, if all our immune defence systems were identical, a single deadly disease could come along and wipe us all out."
"Like our fingerprints, immunity makes us truly individual. The inherent diversity in how our immune systems respond to different diseases is an entirely deliberate design by mother nature without hierarchy. No one has a better or worse set. It's the collective diversity that's crucial."
"As I mentioned, it's quite normal to get up to four minor infections (like a cold) each year. But as infections are beaten back by modern-day sanitation, vaccination and antibiotics, we now have huge increases in 'non-infectious', lifestyle-related diseases."
"Take rhinovirus, the cause of the common cold, for instance. Roughly one in five people carries the rhinovirus at any given time in the tissues of their nasal passages (the prefix 'rhin' in Greek literally means 'the nose').
"Bacteria are passed to everything we touch. But simply being a thorough hand-washer with good personal hygiene helps you stay healthy and avoid illness-causing bacteria. And while we can't account for how infected people behave around us and we can't control for the immunity genes that we have inherited, we do have some control over the various lifestyle levers we can pull to get the best out of our defences."
"Various environmental factors can alter our methylation pattern, such as smoking, poor diet, air pollutants and alcohol. Adjustments in our epigenetic patterning can derail some of our vital immune responses. The metaphor used by scientists is: 'Your genes load the gun, but environment pulls the trigger.' Despite the prominent role played by genetics, immunity is not fixed by our genes."
"Just because you have mild symptoms doesn't mean the virus is mild. It may just mean that you lucked out with your compatibility genes for that particular germ and your immune system is able to control the infection."
"A common misconception, however, is that flue is caused by cold temperatures. This is not quite true. Flue is caused by the influenza virus. Cold temperature simply create conditions that make it easier for the virus to spread. Scientist now know that the influenza virus is transmitted best at cooler temperatures and low humidity. So the viruses that cause the flu survive better in winter and are able to infect more people. Another reason is the lack of sunlight and the different lifestyles we lead in winter. Lack of sunlight leads to low levels of vitamin D, a key immune-nourishing nutrient. Having less vitamin D decreases our immunity's ability to fight the virus."
"'Put on a jacket or you'll catch a cold.' I'm sure you were told this as a child, but nowadays it is usually dismissed as an age-old misconception. It has been shown that when you are exposed to the cold for a prolonged time you may not be able to launch the most robust immune attack. Wearing a scarf in winter does warm the air in the back of your throat, making it less hospitable for those seasonal viruses that prefer cool air."
"Through evolution, we developed fever as a response to infection. Raising your temperature makes most germs less efficient at multiplying and helps your immune cells work more effectively. There is evidence too that fever even improves the ability of antibiotics to kill bacteria. There is actually little evidence that fever itself, even a high one, is harmful. Unless you are really uncomfortable, have difficulty breathing or have a fever lasting more than a few days it's normally wise to avoid fever-reducing medications like paracetamol or ibuprofen as they are not without side effects. The immune system can still get its job done if you take medicine to reduce fever, but slightly less effectively - and taking it won't speed up the process."
"Our ancestors didn't suffer from allergies, and anyone from Generation X will recognise that they were extremely rare even a few decades ago. In fact, before the 1990s, peanut allergies were so rare that there was barely and data on them. Our collective population genes have changed little over relatively short period of time, so can't be to blame. It is likely that these modern-day epidemics are due to an environment and lifestyle that do not allow our immune system to properly calibrate."
"While there is much evidence that exercise and healthy living can reduce the risk of certain cancers, reducing is not preventing. You cannot remove all risk. The older you get, the more likely it is that you will have it, and you might not even know it. And not all cancers have known lifestyle components. Even with the 'perfect' diet and lifestyle you are still at risk. But this doesn't mean that making healthy choices is futile. In fact, around 1 in 4 cases of cancer could be prevented in the UK each year largely through lifestyle changes including stopping smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet, enjoying the sun safely, protecting against certain infections and cutting back on alcohol. When it comes to cancer, the good news is that taking care of your health will help you get through treatment and recover in better shape than your less health-conscious peers."
"Placebo effect - The idea that your brain can convince your body a fake treatment is the real thing and thus stimulate healing has been around for millennia. Now science has found that in the right circumstances, a placebo can be just as effective as traditional treatments."
"Put simply, evolution only really cares about passing on genes. So reducing immune defences when women are at their most fertile is the body's cunning ploy to increase the chances of pregnancy."
"A foetus, with half of the father's DNA, is chock full of genetically 'foreign' material, so the maternal immune system has to be restrained throughout pregnancy to stop it from rejecting the half-foreign baby in utero."
"With huge fluctuations over a relatively short period of time, almost half of women who develop an autoimmune disease do so in the first year after pregnancy. Hormones are the key trigger for this unfortunate legacy of carrying a child. The spikes and dips of the postpartum rollercoaster or perimenopausal oestrogen can drive the autoimmune disease wild. For this reason, it's important to pay attention to your cycles and seek help if you are concerned that your hormones are out of whack."
"If Mum and Dad are genetically different enough in their compatibility genes, this seems to stimulate specific pregnancy Tregs to tolerate the baby, guiding a healthy pregnancy to completion. Nature has a reason to try to reject an embryo in couples with similar compatibility genes. Being too similar would eliminate the ability to diversify, which would not be in the best interests of our immunity."
"A normal number of illnesses for pre-schoolers is up to eight per year. The figure may be even higher for children in the day care or those who have older siblings. If a child experiences 12-14 illnesses annually, this is a hint that something might not be right - for example, a possible nutritional deficiency or something else going on that you need to talk to your doctor about."
"The key concept when it comes to understanding the importance of vaccination is something called 'herd immunity'. This is how vaccine keep these pathogens out of the general population, protecting those with less hearty immune systems from getting deathly sick. The more people who get vaccinated, the less likely it is that an outbreak will occur. That's because vaccinated people can't infect others."
"Worry about mercury in vaccines arose because some vaccines used to contain the preservative thimerosal, which breaks down into ethylmercury. We now know that ethylmercury doesn't accumulate in the body (unlike methylmercury, which does). Even so, thimerosal has been removed from all infant vaccines since 2001 as a precaution."
"Flue is particularly tricky. The vaccine's effectiveness depends on the strains the public-health agencies pick - and sometimes they got it wrong. The 2018 vaccine was only 23 per cent effective at preventing flue."
"So it turns out that having a healthy body weight actually contributes to a stronger immunity. Get this delicate weight balance wrong - in either direction - and you could be opening yourself up to health risks. It is generally accepted that the belly is the most dangerous place to carry excess body fat, so waist circumferences has recently become a popular extra measure to determine whether you have a healthy level of body fat."