I really didn't have great expectations for this book: yet another book on public speaking. But it surprised me. I think I've learned quite a lot. I kind of knew about the "arc" of the story...although not in these words but Dana points out very clearly that the heart of the story is in "the Problem". ....and not in the resolution. And in crafting a story you need to start by first considering your goal and how you are going to end it and, more or less, work backwards.
There is some seriously good advice there and I'm impressed. A very useful book. I give it five stars.
Here's my summary-key extracts from the book:
"Part One: Shape Your Story
A story is an ideal way to succinctly provide information that is relevant, compelling, and, most of all, unique to you. But how do you know if you can tell a story? What story should you tell? How do you even get started?
It’s something that you already know how to do......Your friend asks, “How was your weekend?” and your answer is a story.....To begin crafting a story, think about the end. Not the end of the story itself (“ And that’s why I can’t rent cars in Montana anymore.”) but rather the effect that you want your story to have on your listener.
In order to tell a story you need to decide which goal is the most important to you....Even though you may want to express more than one thing, decide on the most important outcome and make it the singular goal of your story......After you’ve listed a few possibilities, determine which of the goals is the most important. Which one best shows your point? Which one compels your listener to take the action you want?
In Rule #1, we talked about identifying the goal of your story. Now it’s time to dig in and figure out how to take your goal and your topic and shaped them into a compelling narrative.
The good news is that our brains are wired for narrative. We love stories so much that we tell them to ourselves every day.....The truth is that every story—whether it’s a movie, TV show, magazine article, short story, novel, or play—is built around the same structure.
The structure that all stories have in common is called the plot arc. Understanding the plot arc is the key to understanding how to turn your personal experience into a story that someone else can’t help but listen to.
This is what the plot arc looks like:
You may be asking yourself, “Isn’t that just a bent line?” Well, yes. It is a bent line. It is also a road map for an amazing story......A plot arc is a problem followed by a solution.....The plot arc passes through the following points.
1. THE BEGINNING. This is where we set our scene...The beginning of a story is normalcy, where things start. You just transferred to a new school.
2. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE PROBLEM....A problem occurs, and we must set off in search of a solution. You don’t have any friends, and you’re lonely.
3. THE FAILED ATTEMPT( S). One or more solutions to the problem are unsuccessful. You go to an improv group audition to meet people but realize that you don’t want to be friends with anyone else there.
4. THE SOLUTION. This is the moment when the problem is finally solved. You see Mark audition, think he’s pretty good, talk to him, and a friendship is formed.
5. THE ENDING. The situation is resolved, and loose ends are tied up. This is how you and Mark became friends, and he’s still your best friend today.
In a story you must want something. It could be that you’re searching for something, you need to figure out a way to get help, or you need to leave a place you no longer want to be. You look for the solution, you fail, and then you find it. Once you’ve found the solution and any outstanding issues are resolved, the story ends.
A story needs conflict; it needs a problem......The story where you’re on your way to work, catch the train, and make it on time, for example, isn’t a captivating story. A story needs conflict; it needs a problem.
Here are some more real-world examples
BEGINNING: We set out to do this project because we saw a need for it.
PROBLEM: The need was greater than we imagined.
FAILED ATTEMPT( S) AT A SOLUTION: In working to keep to the original time frame, we realized that important data was being overlooked.
SOLUTION: We need to give this project the time it deserves by extending the deadline and dedicating additional staff.
ENDING: We knew the need was there, and now we know what to do about it.
You may have noticed that the plot arc falls off pretty sharply after the solution has been reached. Why? Because the problem is the engine of the story. Once the problem is solved, the engine is out of gas. The tension that keeps an audience interested in your story evaporates......Our brains are always searching for patterns.....In the context of storytelling, a pattern is an incident that occurs two or more times.
Each time you repeat a pattern in your story, you should raise the stakes. The tension needs to rise with the repetition, otherwise you’re just lulling the audience to sleep with predictability.
FIVE WAYS TO BREAK YOUR PATTERN
1. SUBTLY
2. SUDDENLY
3. HUMOROUSLY
4. TRAGICALLY
5. CALL BACK
You don’t break the pattern until the end, calling back to your earlier setup.
Stories can proceed chronologically, but that doesn’t always have to be the case.....You can start in the middle—“ I was in the forest, completely lost”—and then jump to the beginning: “Three days earlier I had been on a plane to Colorado.”
Let’s say you’re telling a story that begins with, “I was late, running for the train.” The listeners want to know if you make it. You can use that interest to ratchet up the stakes and show why it’s important that you make the train: You were late the day before, the boss already gave you a warning, and your job is in jeopardy. Now the audience is even more engaged—they have to know what happens next.......Think of a story you could tell with each.
1. ORIGIN
2. STARTED FROM THE BOTTOM
3. STARTING OVER
4. OVERCOMING THE MONSTER
5. QUEST
it’s time to get to the fun part—creating the actual story.
As long as you are getting your message across, there is no wrong way to tell a story.
1. There is no wrong way to tell a story as long as you are achieving your goal.
2. You have to create the story before you can determine if it achieves your goal....I strongly encourage you to go with your instincts and pick the first idea that comes to you, because the first idea is the story that you most want to tell.....And don’t worry about whether your aunt will be upset with you if you tell that story.
Ten Story Prompts
1. A time you were wrong
2. A time you should have said something but didn’t
3. A moment you didn’t understand at the time
4. A family tradition
5. A moment when everything changed
6. A moment when you decided to quit
7. A difficult conversation you had
8. A time that you tried really hard but didn’t succeed
9. The first time something occurred
10. The last time something occurred
What do all of these prompts have in common? They all have conflict baked into them.
For either method, set a timer for 30 minutes.....Keep working until the timer goes off.
Use sensory details to invoke smell, sight, taste, sound, and touch. For instance, you can say, “I was home,” or you could say, “I was in my Chicago basement apartment that always smelled like mold.” When you say, “I was home,” audiences don’t know what to picture.
IF YOU DON’T REMEMBER AN EXACT DETAIL AND YOU’RE ASSUMING SOMETHING, SAY SO.
You can simply say, “I was probably watching the first episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer while wearing my blue robe,” and all is well.
Humor often comes from exaggeration, but focus on your emotions and reactions instead of events. Something as banal as stubbing your toe can be as funny as falling down a flight of stairs if you show it well.
If you think you’re lying, then you’re lying.
The fact is you need to cut your stories down to their most essential aspects to ensure you maintain your audience’s attention.
Make sure every moment of your story is necessary. Trim all the fat and get right to the juicy bits.
How can you determine what’s necessary and what can be cut? Here are five strategies:
1. GRAPH YOUR STORY ONTO THE PLOT ARC.
2. EXAMINE THE BEGINNING CAREFULLY.
3. AXE ANYTHING THAT EXCLUDES YOUR AUDIENCE....That part with your cousin that makes you laugh because it’s based on an inside joke that you know you should cut but you really don’t want to because it’s so funny? Definitely cut that part.
4. PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE......If you want, skip ahead to Rule #9: Always Be Practicing,
5. LOOK AT YOUR ENDING.....endings should be concise and shouldn’t break new ground.
DETAILS are what pull us into your world. If you go to your grandmother’s house and sit down on her blue, plastic-covered couch,...The best details are unique and surprising.
USE ALL FIVE SENSES. Sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell are all portals into your story. If you mention an item, ensure that you use sensory details to help listeners experience it.
WHEN YOU INTRODUCE A CHARACTER, give us a single detail about him that shows us who he is.
ILLUSTRATE HOW YOU ARE FEELING. Saying, “I was nervous” is general, but saying, “I couldn’t stop moving my fingers, and my mouth was dry no matter how much water I drank” shows us how you, specifically, experience nervousness.
DON’T BE AFRAID TO GET WEIRD. The best details are ones that are true and so, so strange to the outside observer.
STAY SMALL. The smaller the item, the better we can use it to see the whole world you’re creating:...Show me the couch, and I can see the living room.
Detail can pull us in, but plot will keep us there.
If you come across a cliché in your story, you should cut it out and replace it with your voice, your details, and your unique perspective.....An ending cliché is when the ending of your story is both obvious and something we’ve seen before. Does the guy get the girl? Does the bad guy get punished? Did the butler do it? Here are some typical ending clichés in storytelling and ways to combat them:....“And that’s when I realized......“I should have realized this then, but I didn’t.”
British philosopher H. P. Grice established four maxims for communication that are a great guide to follow:
1. Quantity: As informative as possible: as much information as needed, but no more.
2. Quality: Be truthful and don’t give false information or not supported by evidence.
3. Relation: Be relevant and say things that are pertinent to the discussion.
4. Manner: Be clear, brief, and as orderly as you can: avoid obscurity and ambiguity.
You want to be clear, direct, and concise.
The ending isn’t the solution. The ending is the resolution. A solution is the action, and a resolution is how you feel about that action.
After all the work you’ve done to tell a story, the ending is what imbues it with meaning, and it’s the last thing you leave with the audience.
Here are a few templates of effective endings you can draw from for your story.
• ZINGER: A memorable twist or punch line.
• CALLBACK: An unexpected and meaningful echo of a theme or image from earlier in the story.
• FAST FORWARD: A satisfying leap forward in time that reveals the surprising effects of the story we just heard.
• FULL CIRCLE: Arriving back where the story started with a new sense of purpose or wisdom we gained during the story.
No matter which ending you choose, the foundation of that ending must be in place earlier in the story. Say, for instance, you want the image of your grandmother’s empty rocking chair to resonate at the end of your story. For that to happen, you must introduce the rocking chair at least once prior to the story’s end.
Once you know which ending you’re going to use, you can reverse engineer your story to ensure that the ending hits the way you need it....Whatever your goal is in telling your story—your ending should ensure that you achieve that goal.
Part Two: Tell Your Story
You’re not supposed to perform with a baby on your hip, you’re not supposed to have a soft voice, you’re not supposed to hold your body tight and closed as you talk. This woman did all of those things, and yet her story was voted the best of the night by the audience. The truth of her words delivered more than a sparkling presentation ever could have.
The confidence that comes from performing is built from the outside in. You may not start out feeling that way, so you must pretend. When you present yourself as confident, the audience perceives you to be so, and suddenly—bam—you actually are.
The truth is that you can’t really mess up because no one knows what you’re going to say next. You’re telling a story that you created, so no one will even realize if you jump over a word or skip something. If you do make a mistake, just keep going. The audience won’t know that you even made a mistake unless you tell them.
It’s important to practice performing in front of people so you can figure out if you have an “-ism” [mannerism] and, if so, what it is. Once you figure it out, you can troubleshoot.
You need to figure out who’s listening and make your story work for them.
Here are 10 ways to prepare to deliver your story for the very first time:
10 Storytelling Pitfalls (and How to Avoid Them)
1. GO OVER THE KEY POINTS OF YOUR STORY WITHOUT NOTES.
2. DECIDE WHAT TO WEAR.
3. IF YOU'RE PLANNING TO READ YOUR STORY, PREPARE YOUR PAGES.
4. GIVE YOURSELF SOME CUES...A good rule of thumb is to be sure to look up at least twice per page.
5. VISUALIZE YOUR BODY LANGUAGE.
6. I MAGINE THE AUDIENCE'S REACTION.
7. VISUALIZE HOW YOU THINK YOU'LL FEEL WHEN THE STORY IS OVER.
8. ENVISION THE MOMENTS JUST BEFORE YOU TELL YOUR STORY.
9. PRACTICE A BREATHING EXERCISE.
10. ANTICIPATE YOUR TICS.
Never just stop a story. You need to take a moment to reflect on the story. End the story with meaning.