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Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes

Speaking to History: The Story of King Goujian in Twentieth-Century China

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The ancient story of King Goujian, a psychologically complex fifth-century BCE monarch, spoke powerfully to the Chinese during China's turbulent twentieth century. Yet most Americans—even students and specialists of this era—have never heard of Goujian. In Speaking to History, Paul A. Cohen opens this previously missing (to the West) chapter of China's recent history. He connects the story to each of the major traumas of the last century, tracing its versatility as a source of inspiration and hope and elegantly exploring, on a more general level, why such stories often remain sealed up within a culture, unknown to outsiders. Labeling this phenomenon "insider cultural knowledge," Cohen investigates the relationship between past story and present reality. He inquires why at certain moments in their collective lives peoples are especially drawn to narratives from the distant past that resonate strongly with their current circumstances, and why the Chinese have returned over and over to a story from twenty-five centuries ago. In this imaginative stitching of story to history, Cohen reveals how the shared narratives of a community help to define its culture and illuminate its history.

384 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2008

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About the author

Paul A. Cohen

16 books15 followers
Paul A. Cohen is Edith Stix Wasserman Professor of Asian Studies and History Emeritus at Wellesley College.

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Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews
Profile Image for Joshua.
29 reviews3 followers
June 2, 2014
A book by my favourite historian:)The proverb "Wo Xin Chang Dan" is at the heart of this book, which examines the manner in which the proverb and the story behind it has been appropriated by various actors of the Chinese political scene in the 20th century. It contends that more than apart from being part of the nationalist narrative, the story of Goujian and its function in Chinese memory can be seen from an essentially cultural perspective - how it is a part of a larger oral tradition that forms the backdrop of cultural community.
Profile Image for Tsai Wei-chieh.
Author 5 books108 followers
March 17, 2022
Paul Cohen在這本書中以《吳越春秋》為主要根據,針對春秋末期越王句踐雪恥復國的故事從清末以降到當代的脈絡中如何被詮釋。越王勾踐的故事除了為人所熟知的「臥薪嘗膽」以外,事實上還包括了「十年生聚,十年教訓」與「狡兔死,走狗烹;飛鳥盡,良弓藏」的典故。在清末以降的中國以勾踐故事號召國人奮起對抗帝國主義,湔雪國恥。而1949年國民政府遷臺後,勾踐故事則作為反共復國的歷史典範。然而,在1960年代共產中國的臥薪嘗膽風中,勾踐的地位被重新評價。在歷史唯物論的教條下,作為封建君主的勾踐,在故事中的地位遭到貶低。臥薪嘗膽不再是重點,反而是「十年生聚,十年教訓」與「發奮圖強」的主題,成為中共在與蘇俄交惡後,實行現代化政策最佳的宣傳方式。1980年代後的中國,蕭軍與白樺以勾踐故事為主題所創作的文藝作品,以「狡兔死,走狗烹;飛鳥盡,良弓藏」為主題,強調句踐復國後所顯現的性格陰暗面。其中也伴隨著一些故事情節的改動,例如伯噽後來在蕭軍筆下,在勾踐滅吳後不僅沒有得到懲罰,還受到封賞。然而,他們的作品卻被批評為借古諷今、暗中批評毛澤東的作品。而2000年以後,勾踐故事的政治化色彩在當代已經不再濃厚。在私有化與市場化的浪潮下,勾踐故事不僅被拍成電視劇,該劇拍攝的地點也因此成為觀光景點。最後,Cohen從跨文化的角度比較了勾踐與其他文化中類似的故事,例如法國的聖女貞德與尤太人的馬薩達(Masada)故事,以說明其獨特性。勾踐故事不只在中國有影響力,甚至也流傳至越南與明治日本。他並認為勾踐故事在意義的多面性上已超越了民族主義與道德寓言所能涵蓋的範疇。廣泛流傳的勾踐故事,已成為華人精神層面的重要文化資產。

我覺得,Cohen在這本書裡除了說明勾踐故事被訴說與流傳的過程以外,更重要的是,他試圖闡述故事形塑一個民族之文化知識的過程。根據Cohen的了解,許多中國人從小就聽過勾踐故事,因此這些故事成為他們生命的一部分。就像美國人對灰姑娘童話與聖經中大衛與歌利亞(Goliath)戰鬥的故事,比唐吉軻德(Don Quixote)和薛西弗斯(Sisyphus)的故事要來得熟悉一般。然而為什麼人們有話不直說,而要用說故事的方法來表示?Cohen給的答案很簡單,因為這是最好的方式。透過說故事的方式,人們易於記住其情節以及其背後的涵義。中國文化中對於說故事本身也十分注重。然而為何有些文化重視說故事的傳統,有些則否?Cohen對此也沒有一個簡單的答案。只不過他提到這些故事都和危機的面對與處理相關。歷史與當代的連結本身,無論在主觀上還是客觀上,都是一種劃定文化邊界的有力工具。透過說故事的方式,人們能夠表達他們對所處世界的感覺,以及他們面對困境的方式。像勾踐這一類的故事及其隱喻構成了意義的暗流,這股暗流隱藏在傳統歷史的表面底下,而被從事當代中國研究的西方研究者所忽視。Cohen希望透過這本書,能讓人們意識到這股暗流的重要性。

Cohen的說法也許是客氣了點。事實上,就算是在中華文化背景下的學者恐怕也不見得會意識到這股暗流的重要性。如今大部分學者可能更加關注歷史故事底下的政治宣傳或意識形態,但是對於這些故事如何和個人或群體的生命作連接,並不是那麼在乎。我想有部分是因為前者易於讓研究者搬弄現有的理論去解釋,但是後者卻需要對歷史與人們的生命經驗與記憶進行更為細緻的觀察與梳理,而且常常無法簡單套用現有理論加以解釋。Cohen這本書為我們在這方面做了一個示範,無論這個示範是好是壞,但它確實指出了一個如今我們所需要的研究取向,也同時給了我自己未來的研究一些啟示。

最後,封面的勾踐畫像,表情很酷。

(Jan 2, 2011)
Profile Image for Scott.
Author 4 books9 followers
July 5, 2019
This book explains the ubiquitous martial arts expression "Eat Bitter"- Kuqi.

The expression comes from the Story of King Goujian. Cohen expertly contextualizes the story so that we might understand the depth of revenge and self-determination built into the term. The would be "indoor" student, fluent in Chinese is just as likely to be the victim of deception as the newbie.
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