THREE ESSAYS BY THE FAMED THEOLOGIAN
Karl Barth (1886-1968) was a Swiss Reformed theologian, who was (arguably) the greatest Protestant theologian of the twentieth century.
This book contains three essays that were originally published as separate monographs in Germany. The Translator’s Preface to this English edition notes, “the essays contain a concise and recent treatment of some of the central issues in Barth’s theology… [two of the essays] outline Barth’s approach to Christology and to ethics respectively. Both of these areas are treated by him much more thoroughly in various parts of his Church Dogmatics, but the sheer length of that work may rather limit its reading audience … Hence it is hoped that the publication of these shorter writings will make more widely accessible some of the basic emphases in the recent and most mature form of Barth’s theology… The three essays published here illustrate in brief form both the fat and the direction of the development of Barth’s thought.”
In the first essay, Barth recalls, “One day in early August 1914 stands out in my memory as a black day. Ninety-three German intellectuals impressed public opinion by their proclamation of support of the war policy of Wilhelm II and his counselors. Among these intellectuals I discovered to my horror almost all of my theological teachers whom I had greatly venerated… I suddenly realized that I could not any longer follow either their ethics and dogmatics or their understanding of the Bible and of history. For me at least, 19th century theology no longer held any future… Evangelical theology in true spirit and style of the 19th century continued to exist and some vestiges still remain. But in its former wholeness it is a cause which today is significantly represented by only a few.” (Pg. 14-15)
He states, “when the Christian gospel was changed into a statement, a religion, about Christian self-awareness, the God was lost sight of who in His sovereignty confronts man, calling him to account, and dealing with him as Lord… The Christian was condemned to uncritical and irresponsible subservience to the patterns, forces, and movements of human history and civilization. Man’s inner experience did not provide a firm enough ground for resistance to these phenomena. Deprived of a guiding principle man could turn anywhere… leaving the faithful to whatever impressions and influences from outside proved strongest.” (Pg. 27)
He begins the second essay with the statement, “What began to press itself upon us about forty years ago was not so much the humanity of God as His DEITY---a God absolutely unique in His relation to man and the world… yes even wholly other. Such was the God with whom man has to do when he takes the name of God upon his lips, when God encounters him, when he enters into relation with God… Unfortunately for us the HUMANITY of God at that time moved from the center to the periphery… Our problem is this: to derive the knowledge of the humanity of God from the knowledge of His deity.” (Pg. 37-38)
He asks, “Was the impression of many contemporaries wholly unfounded, who felt that the final result might be to stand Schliermacher on his head, that is, to make GOD great for a change at the cost of MAN?... Was it only obduracy when… so many others preferred to shake their heads, nonplussed or… even angry over such an innovation? Was there not perhaps in their obduracy the dark presentiment that, in… the ill-fated humanism of the earlier theology, there might have been something at work that could not be given up? Is it possible that… the HUMANITY of God did not come quite into its rights in the manner in which we… lifted up His deity on the candlestick?” (Pg. 43-44)
He cites several biblical passages which [to some] suggest universalism, and comments, “Does this mean universalism? I wish here to make only three short observations, in which one is to detect no position for or against that which passes among us under this term. 1. One should not surrender himself in any case to the panic which this word seems to spread abroad, before informing himself exactly concerning its possible sense or no non-sense. 2. One should at least be stimulated by [Col 1:19]… to consider whether the concept could not perhaps have a good meaning… 3. … What of the ‘danger’ of the eternally skeptical-critical theologian who is ever and again suspiciously questioning, because fundamentally always legalistic and therefore in the main morosely gloomy? Is not his presence among us currently more threatening than that of the unbecomingly cheerful indifferentism… to which one with a certain understanding of universalism could in fact deliver himself? This much is certain, that we have no theological right to set any sort of limits to the loving-kindness of God which has appeared in Jesus Christ.” (Pg. 61-62)
He asserts, “there is no private Christianity… theology cannot be carried on in private lighthouses of some sort of merely personal discoveries and opinions. It can only be carried on in the Church---it can be put to work in all its elements only in the context of the questioning and answering of the Christian community and in the rigorous service of its commission to all men.” (Pg. 64)
In the final essay, he says, “God wants man to be His creature. Furthermore, He wants him to be His PARTNER… He wants man to administer and to receive justice rather than to inflict and to suffer injustice… It is enough to say that God’s ‘Yes’ and ‘No,’ spoken in His act of reconciliation, is not proclaimed apart from man. Even in this central act God declines to be alone, without man.” (Pg. 80-81)
He argues, “The question of good and evil is never answered by man’s pointing to the authoritative Word of God in terms of a set of rules. It is never… imposed on the self and others as a code of good and evil actions, a soft of yardstick of what is good and evil. Holy Scripture defies being forced into a set of rules; it is a mistake to use it as such… To offer ethical norms to man in this predicament is to hold out a stone instead of bread.” (Pg. 85)
He states, “A free theologian starts steadily and happily with the Bible. Here must be his starting point, but not because any old or new orthodoxy knocked it into him; it is not a law but a privilege to start with the Bible… He starts with the Bible because in the Bible he learns about the free God and free man, and as a disciple of the Bible he may himself become a witness to the divine and human freedom. He does not start with a doctrine of the canon and of the verbal inspiration of Holy Scripture. But he does begin, not without inspiration, with daily searching of canonical writings. They informed and still inform him. He listens to them… in order to gain a better understanding.” (Pg. 90-91)
He also suggests, “A free theologian thinks and speaks within the CHURCH… In the Church there are CONFESSIONS… Why should a free theologian not pay loving respect to these confessions as guidance in reading, explaining, and applying the Scriptures?... In the Church there are FATHERS: father Luther, father Calvin, other fathers. Why should a free theologian not be their son and disciple? But why should he insist on complete agreement with them?... Why should he not respect the freedom of the fathers and let them express their wisdom and then learn from them what in his own freedom he may and can learn more from them?” (Pg. 93-94)
The essays in this brief book are indeed an excellent “introduction” to this important theologian; and even for those familiar with Barth’s theology, they may still contain interesting formulations of principles expressed at greater length elsewhere.