Jean Amery’s novel-essay attempts to humanize Charles Bovary, the cuckolded husband from Madame Bovary. Alternately first-person narrative and literary critique, Amery posits that Charles’s unrealistic flatness as a character results from Flaubert’s prejudice towards the bourgeoisie, and rails against the writer’s prestige as a realist.
Unfortunately, Amery’s arguments fall flat. Sure, Charles was a bourgeoisie, but (at least on him) it only mattered to the extent that he was neither rich nor cultured, but part of the society to which Emma was chained and against which she struggled as a beautiful and whimsical woman unwilling to accept her mediocre destiny.
Using Charles’s voice, Amery complains that Flaubert had made him ugly, dull and spineless for being bourgeoisie. While it is true that Flaubert criticized the bourgeoisie in general, it was not the reason behind Charles’s unseemliness. For Leon, Emma’s handsome office clerk of a lover, was also a bourgeoisie.
Rather, Charles was MEANT to be unloveable. His physical unattractiveness had not prevented Emma from dreaming of love when they married; it was his inability to understand her sentimentality that repelled her. While Amery might argue that Rudolphe, an aristocrat and Emma’s first lover, seduced her with his status, I would argue that Leon was Emma’s one true love, as she loved him even when he had neither wealth nor sophistication. Yet they bonded over music, literature, and feelings. Charles was not unlovable because he was a bourgeoisie; he was simply unlovable AND a bourgeoisie.
Therefore, it is unfair for Amery to claim that Flaubert was not a realist because Charles was unrealistic. Flaubert’s task was not to make each and every character multifaceted; his goal was to create a character, put her in a demanding environment, and watch her writhe. Flaubert did an excellent job given the goal; Charles’s mere status as Emma’s husband did not entitle him to better treatment than any of her other jailers.
If Amery wanted to fight for the dignity of the bourgeoisie, he should have taken offense on behalf of Homais (the didactic, self-complacent apothecary) or Lheureux (the greedy merchant who lured Emma to financial ruin). But for some reason, it was Charles with whom Amery chose to sympathize.