This is a book to read when your brain is tired. Just finished Principia Mathematica, the Critique of Pure Reason, or some other demanding tome, but don’t want to let your mind turn to mush with some trivial, babbling fiction book? James Burke’s Circles is just the thing. It is a fun read, full of interesting facts he tosses off one after another, giving each a paragraph or two before quickly linking it to something else. I filled up two pages in my notebook with things I wanted to go back to later and find more information about. For instance, during the V-1 flying bomb assault on Southeastern England from June to October 1944, the M9 combat director was introduced, a primitive analog computer which tracked the path of the missile and predicted its future position, allowing anti-aircraft guns to correctly position themselves. With it the number of shells needed to knock one down went from 2500 to less than 100, and in the last full week of the V-1 assault only four of 104 of the bombs made it to London. To me that is a fascinating little fact. It also spurred me to look for a book specifically about the Blitz, and I found one: David Johnson’s 1982 work V-1 V-2: Hitler’s Vengeance on London.
There is no plot to James Burke’s Circles. It is fifty short chapters, each only a few pages long, which start with an observation and then connects it to others using people, places, discoveries, and inventions. Some of the connections are pretty tenuous, but if it’s formal logic you are looking for, that Critique of Pure Reason is there just waiting to be read again. This book is designed to make you say, “Hmm, that’s interesting….”
The same characters and inventions show up multiple times in the book, but these are not really repetitions. Some of them repeat because the same person or idea is linked to other people and ideas, but for the most part each repetition evokes a different aspect of someone or something that was mentioned previously. For instance, my comment about the success against the V-1 bombs is a composite of two different mentions of the M9 in the book, each in a different context.
To give an idea of how the book is structured, I will summarize part of Chapter 48. It starts with the author gazing on Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s London railway bridge, which is partially visible from Burke’s house, although some of the view is blocked by another building. Brunel also built the SS Great Eastern, the largest ship in the world at the time, but which was not a commercial success and was eventually used in 1866 in a failed attempt by Cyrus Field to lay the first transatlantic telegraph cable. Field got his idea from Samuel Morse who in an 1844 demonstration of the telegraph had sent signals across New York harbor using an insulated copper cable. Morse also provided information to his neighbor, Sam Colt, who tried and failed to interest the Navy in a new electrically operated underwater mine. Colt’s fortunes were saved by the Mexican-American war, when his new revolver was widely adopted, and by 1855 he had the largest private armory in the world. His major rival was the Remington Company, which invented a breech-loading rifle which sold more than a million copies in America, Europe, and the Middle East. After the Civil War, when demand for weapons dropped, he turned some of his machinery to the production of typewriters, which had been invented by Christopher Scholes, who had received legal advice in patenting the product from Carlos Glidden. In 1874 Joseph Glidden, a relative of Carlos, invented barbed wire, mass production of which was possible because in 1868 a British engineer named George Bedson had invented a wire-making machine that could produce vast quantities from wrought iron. Bedson also invented a continuous process for dipping wire into molten zinc to galvanize it, protecting it against the weather. The new galvanized wire was used by Ezra Cornell to string telegraph wires across America, making him rich enough to found a university bearing his name.
And on and on and on, through multiple additional connections that eventually end with the composer Gustav Holst, who once lived in the building that was partially blocking Burke’s view of the London railway bridge.
This kind of thing, of constantly looping tangential facts, is not to everyone’s liking, but I had a lot of fun reading it. I also picked up interesting bits of information which may one day make me a master of trivial games, or the boringest person at a cocktail party. Some of them are:
- Charles Lindbergh, the famous aviator, also invented a perfusion pump which made heart surgery possible.
- Joseph Black, a chemistry professor at Glasgow University, was experimenting with ways to make whiskey when he discovered the concept of latent heat. He passed on the idea to Matthew Boulton, who was James Watts’ partner, who used it to develop a condenser for his steam pumps, which vastly improved their efficiency.
- John Harrison invented the chronometer, which made it possible to determine longitude at sea. This could only be done because Benjamin Huntsman had created a new kind of crucible which allowed metals to be melted at the extremely high temperatures necessary to make clocksprings that were not too brittle to use.
- Coal Tar, a smelly by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal was disposed of a waste product until it was found to be a precursor of a vast array of chemical substances, such as artificial dyes, phenol, antiseptics, creosote, and pyridine. In 1890 German chemist Felix Hoffman, who was working for Bayer, synthesized salicylic acid from phenol and from there created acetylsalicylic acid. In nature, salicylic acid comes from the meadowsweet plant (in Latin: spirea), so Hoffman named his new substance A (acetyl), SPIR (spirea), and IN (no one knows why). Putting them together gave the substance the name by which it is known today: aspirin.
- In 1885 Pittsburgh resident Edward Acheson heated a mixture of coke and clay in an electric furnace, creating the world’s second-hardest material, carborundum. It is still used today, although now it is bonded to grinding wheels with a material called furfural (Latin for bran), which is created by adding sulphuric acid and water at high pressure to a mixture of plant by-products such as oat husks, bagasse, and rice hulls.
- Also in 1885, Austrian chemist Auer von Welsbach created an alternative to the Edison electric light by infusing a cotton gas mantle with the rare earth element neodymium. It did not beat out Edison’s invention, but is still used today. If you have ever used a Coleman or other camping lantern, von Welsbach’s process is how it produces its light.
- By 1813 gaslight was beginning to change the world, making night shifts, and nightlife in towns possible. A plumber’s candle was invented which became the standard measure for how light could be quantified, which is why gas light is still measured in “candlepower.”