Brian De Palma is of course a legendary American filmmaker, doubtlessly known primarily for his technical virtuosity and somewhat smirking way around salacious subject matter. He has at one time or another been the foremost American filmmaker in the opinion of the likes of Pauline Kael and Quentin Tarantino, both of whom are embarrassing morons, though each has also repeatedly been responsible for work I cannot help but admire. Certainly there are others I have less difficulty respecting who profess to be equally fond of De Palma, and I myself like the guy’s films very much, even if I have routinely had reservations. If you take a quick look at De Palma’s IMDb filmography, you will note that he is accredited forty-three titles as director and twenty as writer. Take a closer look at those writing credits. I am sure you will agree that these films more or less constitute the cream of the crop. From the underseen and already hilariously perverse/voyeuristic MURDER À LA MOD to the early break-out counterculture ensemble comedies GREETINGS and HI MOM!, the transitional SISTERS, then onto PHANTOM OF THE PARADISE and the beloved decadent/virtuosic/pervy Hitchcock pastiches (the strongest being DRESSED TO KILL, BLOW OUT, and BODY DOUBLE), and up to supremely individual late period oddities like FEMME FATALE and PASSION, the De Palmas I like best tend to be films on which he has a writing, co-writing, or story credit. Although here I must confess that my disclosure is not exactly total. Though I was blown away by a couple sequences (primarily vis-à-vis their nuts-and-bolts execution), and understood that very competent critics had hailed it a masterpiece, I thought FEMME FATALE was utterly idiotic when it first came out. PASSION I liked but in a lukewarm way, though it has stayed with me and subsequently I've often reflected that I need to revisit the film. Having now read ARE SNAKES NECESSARY?, the 2016 crime novel De Palma co-authored with former NEW YORK TIMES editor Susan Lehman, it is clear to me that I absolutely need to revisit both FEMME FATALE and PASSION, the two films I believe most obviously consonant with the spirit and general mode of this smart, lubricious, and extremely ironic novel. Though I might once have believed the thing too bloody preposterous to live, FEMME FATALE does upon reflection seem like De Palma unrestrained, the film with the most id in the mix, and it is notably one of films on which the man has sole screenwriting credit. He has the principal writing credit on PASSION as well, Natalie Carter officially acknowledged merely for “additional dialogue,” but that film happens to be a remake of a French film that preceded it by a mere two years. Still, both FEMME FATALE and PASSION are of a piece. They are ruthless in their schematics, extremely ironic, affably misanthropic. Their environments are so stylized and controlled as to suggest a constantly hovering background compulsivity. You could also say that both films alternate—in what I recall being a scrupulously controlled manner—between subtlety and bombast, De Palma being a director equally at home with scalpel as with shotgun and paint canister. With ARE SNAKES NECESSARY?, De Palma and Lehman have crafted a tight and kinetic piece of jaunty postmodern pulp fiction. Surely most readers have a basic handle on forerunners within the general idiom. Fans of such stuff will most likely be especially liable to make connections to Elmore Leonard, James Ellroy (whose BLACK DAHLIA De Palma adapted ever so ostentatiously), and Walter Mosley. Of course, American crime novels led to a parallel renaissance in postwar France, where they came to be called romans noir, a whole subset of Hollywood films of the 1940s coming to themselves fall under a new banner retroactively. Paris, it turns out, will play a major role in ARE SNAKES NECESSARY? Not surprisingly, this will involve a remake of Hitchcock’s VERTIGO, so predictable a move on De Palma’s part as to practically constitute jest in its own right. As the novel begins, we join up with Barton Brock, who is having a bad day. He’s just had a vasectomy considerably more painful than the doctor had indicated it would be, and things are not looking good for decorated Iraq war veteran Jason Crump, the candidate Brock is attempting to help shepherd to victory over the “fancy-pants” incumbent, Lee Rogers, in Pennsylvania’s Republican Primary, which is a mere four weeks away. Brock, nominally a campaign manager and strategist, is 42. He plays dirty, prides himself on it, fancies himself the heavy. The fixer is in a fix. The upcoming primary. He’s having trouble shaking loose a serviceable plan of attack. Enter Elizabeth deCarlo, buxom blonde tending the counter at McDonald’s. “Greasy french fries, dirty tricks, it all sounds pretty much the same to Elizabeth. She doesn’t need to get involved in political smearing. Big Macs are oily enough.” But get involved she will, greasy or no. Money has its way of talking, making a strong case. There will be a double cross two chapters into this book consisting of fifty-seven. There will be immediate reprisals, conniving, backsliding, positions and alliances adjusted in short order and without much in the way of quibble. Barton Brock is now in the opposing camp, that of sleaze-ball senator and inveterate winner Lee Rogers, Elizabeth sprung from the clink and given a bus ticket to Las Vegas where we are to discover another puffed-up peacock of a stone cold bastard awaits her, Brock having tacitly handed her to him. Chapter Three we meet Jenny Cours. We meet her along with Lee Rogers and his new fixer, Barton Brock. Well, we and Barton Brock meet Jenny Cours. It is, strictly speaking, a matter of Lee Rogers bumping into an old flame out of the blue. Jenny is a stewardess with Loft Air. “She is dark haired and slim and may, in truth, be one of very few people on earth who actually looks good in air hostess garb. Better than good, really. Jenny Cours looks really good, very good, for her age.” She’s 47, and a literally parenthetical aside notes that this is a fact that requires “for her age” to insinuate itself as a “dark coda added to all complimentary remarks.” Surely this gives you a decent sense of the goofy pulp mien of the prose-smithery on display. Jenny’s eighteen-year-old daughter Fanny shows up to collect her deplaning mother. Fanny is described as being “in the full flush of carnality,” a fact hardly likely to be lost on Lee Rogers. Fanny is of course in America a euphemism for the posterior, in England for the frontmost and more directly reproductively-oriented female sex organ. Jenny and Fanny are drawn into the Rogers-Brock constellation of sin, stupidity, and lies. Jenny wants nothing to do with Lee Rogers, she’s been around the block and knows better, but Fanny is an eager teen politics junkie with an eye on internship. Jenny pleads with her daughter not to get involved with Rogers, but she stops short of sharing some pertinent intel, which the reader only finds out later and which is one of the many things I am going to abstain from spoiling. The last of our male principals is Nick Sculley. We meet Nick at LaGuardia. And he meets Elizabeth deCarlo. It’s Chapter Six now. Elizabeth deCarlo has been a trophy wife in Vegas for an unspecified amount of time and is now Elizabeth Diamond. “The reinvented Elizabeth is a willowy blonde in a flowing skirt and high leather boots. She rolls a Louis Vuitton bag behind her as she heads towards the departure gate.” Elizabeth is going to prove consistently ultra capable when it comes to reinventing herself. For the time being, she is going to fall in love or at least lust with Nick Skulley, a handsome kid from Missouri who happened to catch the shot of a lifetime in Ferguson during the post-Michael Brown civic meltdown of summer 2014, then failed to make a go of it as a hotshot New York freelance photographer. He proves easy to seduce. “Nick can’t place Elizabeth’s accent. Bedroom maybe.” As regards Nick himself: “sounds every bit like the Brown Rhetoric Department grad he is.” Now we are in another narrative constellation. “And so begins a season of dreamy illicit afternoons in the Diamond-owned Desert Paradise apartment complex, where Nick makes himself at home as soon as flight 271 from LaGuardia lands in Las Vegas in the dog days of summer.” The problem here, or the primary one, is that Elizabeth is currently the fifth wife of Vegas big shot Bruce Diamond, the previously alluded to stone cold bastard. He’s jealous to boot. You know, jealous in such a way that a young man out of his league might well find himself coming to considerable harm. The novel moves expeditiously, the prose quick and often staccato in that patented James Ellroy manner. The authors routinely transition from one narrative constellation to another with stealth and verve. In cinema you'd call it frenetic cross-cutting. Back in the world of politics and sleaze, we have Lee Rogers’ grievously ill wife Connie. Stricken with Parkinson’s, she’s put-upon but devout, eager to swallow whatever codswallop hubby serves in the covering of his tracks. We suspect that her credulity can only be stretched so far. Appearances matter very much to Connie, as well we might imagine they would. She’s already proved dexterous in keeping her and Lee’s son Deron's opioid problem and brief stay in treatment out of the tabloids et al. Opening sentence of Chapter 19: “Connie Rogers had always cared about her hair.” As established, Elizabeth will once again remake herself, spending some time in Maine eating lobster salad and tinkering at a lackadaisical gig as wildly irresponsible advice columnist. Nick will find himself Elizabethless though only mildly heartsick in Paris, performing set photography duties on Bernard Pascal’s French remake of VERTIGO featuring Nick’s onetime-college-sweetheart Hildy. The initials of Mr. Pascal do more than a little to connect him to to De Palma, famed director of films and sequences redolent of Hitch’s obsessive universe. Only one of the novel’s climaxes occurs in Paris, glomming on as this climax does to the iconography of VERTIGO and the chronotope of the tower familiar to viewer’s of that immortal classic. Elizabeth is nowhere near Paris. She gets a separate climax, though it to will unite tragectories in a manner intended both to provoke and surprise, celebrating above all else as it does womanly vengeance in a world governed by pigs. You will note that De Palma is currently at work on a film inspired by the hideous predations of Harvey Weinstein. Both of the climaxes in ARE SNAKES NECESSARY? distinguish themselves for their layering of irony. As far as concerns the overall nature of the irony everywhere operative in the novel, some attention ought to be paid to the style of not-exactly-omniscient third-person narration, itself a source of much jocularity and absurdism. De Palma and Lehman seem to be amused by phallic panic, part of the general jujitsu the novel and its women perform against its vile men. Note an early example, capturing Brock’s internal reaction to being laughed at by another man: “Having someone laugh at you brings back memories of early childhood and some of its worst horrors.” Often the playfulness is far more direct. When we meet Nick Sculley at LaGuardia, we espy his inwardness thusly: “oh, who knows what preoccupies lanky, intense 32-year-old men?” On separate occasions we are treated to the absurd conceit of Nick imagining moments at which he would take a drag if he were a smoker, which he is not. We have Fanny, drying her eyes on a towel and looking at herself in the mirror: “Hello, cliché.” We are told that Brock “wouldn’t know a cerebral embolism from a barrel of horseshoes.” Connie is said to be someone with whom you could imagine discussing the latest Alice Munro novel, which is totally ridiculous, because Alice Munro is perhaps the most celebrated short story writer our era and though I could have sworn she wrote one novel widely determined to have been a failure, this novel would appear to have been banished from the historical record, if, that is, such a novel ever existed (?). The narration of ARE SNAKES NECESSARY? is itself framed from a distance, enframed by a constitutive irony that wants us to be aware of its being aware of its own keen self-conscious awareness. We might also reflect on the nature of dramatic irony and what it might mean in terms of a densely-plotted, happily absurdist yarn. Part of what crime novels and suspense novels are about is their own reverse-engineering and the parcelling out of predetermined revelations. Characters may be in the dark to varying degrees, not knowing things we know or that certain other characters know, or knowing them only partially, provisionally. ARE SNAKES NECESSARY? is formidable in these terms, its intricacies of plotting conjoined with an extremely complex schematics of epistemological incongruity. Much of this business owes to principles first explored at length by the Russian formalists of the early 20th century. Our concepts of story (fabula) and plot (syuzhet) were exhaustively anatomized by the Russian formalists. What we call a “plot twist” is usually the judiciously delayed revelation of business already germane to the story that is only revealed within the plotting at a crucial vector. I previously addressed De Palma's being a technically virtuosic director. We might say that this virtuosity extends to the technical mastery of syuzhet and fabula, the extremely cerebral command of which is offset by the absurd disreputable-by-design malarkey of much of the window dressing. But the technical, and explicitly the filmic-technical, are recessed within the novel as well. We have Nick, set phtographer on Bernard Pascal’s VERTIGO remake, also a would be documenteur. The novel’s first climax echoes not only Hitchock’s VERTIGO, but also Chris Marker’s LA JETÉE and its cosmic murder-suicide committed by viewfinder. This cannot help but trace back to BLOW OUT, a film in which De Palma appropriates the photography angle from Antonioni’s BLOW-UP and reframes it in terms of audiology and cinematographic sound recording. De Palma was himself a science fair stalwart and tech geek as a kid, a fact he appears to relish; he and his collaborators often joke about his voyeuristic streak. We might aver that the ultimate director surrogate is Keith Gordon’s character in DRESSED TO KILL, the slightly creepy kid who rigs up the snooping tech. Bernard Pascal’s initials aside, young Nick is probably the more salient De Palma analog in ARE SNAKES NECESSARY? The kind of despoliation Nick is involved in is clinical, distant, obsequious, buffered. Men destroy women as a direct expression of the order of things. Women kill vengefully and with heat. I ask: has Susan Lehman perhaps co-authored with her collaborator something hinting at auto-erotic castration fantasy?