مارکس

by Terry Eagleton, اکبر معصوم‌بیگی (Translator)

از نظر مارکس ما هنگامی آزاد می‌شویم که بدون انگیزهٔ ضرورت جسمانی تولید کنیم؛ و همین سرشت است که در نظر مارکس گوهر همگی ما را تشکیل می‌دهد. ایگلتون، با ذکر این نکته که مارکس بیش‌تر دغدغهٔ تفاوت دارد تا برابری، توضیح می‌دهد که از دید مارکس آزادی مستلزم خلاصی از کار تجاری است، آزادی همانا «نوعی افزونی آفریننده بر آن چیزی است که به لحاظ مادی ضروری است». ایگلتون شرحی کلی در باب ارتباط‌های میان تولید، کار و مالکیت عرضه می‌کند، مفهوم‌هایی که درواقع هستهٔ اصلی اندیشهٔ مارکس را تشکیل می‌دهند. سپس شرحی از اوتوپیای مارکس به دست می‌دهد: «این اوتوپیا جایی است که در آن کارْ خودکار می‌شود، به نحوی که لذت از یک هلو یا خشنودی از یک کوارتتِ زهی همان اندازه جنبه‌هایی از خودتحقق‌بخشی ما به‌شمار می‌آیند که ساختن سدها یا تولید سریع چوب‌رختی».

Genres: Philosophy, Nonfiction, History, Politics, Political Science, Sociology

74 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1997

About the author

Widely regarded as England's most influential living literary critic & theorist, Dr. Terry Eagleton currently serves as Distinguished Professor of English Literature at the University of Lancaster and as Visiting Professor at the National University of Ireland, Galway. He was Thomas Warton Prof. of English Literature at the University of Oxford ('92-01) & John Edward Taylor Professor of English Literature at the University of Manchester 'til '08. He returned to the University of Notre Dame in the Autumn '09 semester as Distinguished Visitor in the English Department.

He's written over 40 books, including Literary Theory: An Introduction ('83); The Ideology of the Aesthetic ('90) & The Illusions of Postmodernism ('96).
He delivered Yale's '08 Terry Lectures and gave a Gifford Lecture in 3/10, titled The God Debate.

Reviews

[Amin Matin · Rating 3 out of 5]

میراث اصلی مارکس از هگل، استادی که هرگز او را ندید، دیالکتیک بود. مفهومی که خود هگل هم آن را از افلاطون وام گرفته بود. دیالکتیک نوعی از استدلال است، که به آن روش حالت متضاد هم می‏‌گویند. یک وضعیت وجود دارد، که آن را تز یا عقیده می‏‌نامیم. روبه‌‏روی آن یک عقیده متضاد و معکوس وجود دارد، که آن را آنتی‌‏تز یا وضع مقابل می‏‌نامیم. از تقابل میان این دو وضع متضاد، وضعیت جدیدی پدید می‌آید، که آن را سنتز می‏‌نامیم. به عقیده هگل و بعد از آن، مارکس، این وضع جدید در سطحی بالاتر از وضع قبلی قرار دارد. هگل دیالکتیک را یک سیر واقعی می‌‏داند، که حوادث جهان تابع آن است. پس نگاه هگل به تاریخ جهان این‏‌گونه است، که هر ملتی وضعیتی دارد و با رشد و توسعه ملت‏‌ها وضع مقابلی پدید می‏‌آید و از دل نزاع و کشمکش و استدلال میان آن‏‌ها، تمدن جدیدی ساخته می‏‌شود. این تمدن جدید، نظامی بالاتر و عالی‌‏تر از هر دو وضع قبلی دارد. در نظر هگل این مسیر تا بی‏نهایت ادامه دارد.

آن چه مارکس به این نگاه اضافه کرد، مفهوم طبقه بود. هگل تاریخ دنیا را تاریخ رقابت میان دولت‌‏ها می‏‌پنداشت، اما مارکس تاریخ دنیا را تاریخ رقابت میان طبقات می‌‏دید. به این صورت که جوامع پادشاهی، به طبقات حاکمان، محرومان و بردگان تجزیه شد. در نتیجه این نزاع جوامع فئودالی پدید آمد. این جامعه خود به طبقات مالکان و بردگان تقسیم شد. از کشمکش این دو گروه نیز، سرمایه‌‏داری جدید به وجود آمد. اکنون نیز این جامعه، به طبقات کارفرمایان و کارگران تقسیم شده است. از نظر پیروان مارکس، جامعه جدید، از نوع سوسیالیسم مارکسی خواهد بود. کتاب مارکسیست‌ها(نشر نو) توضیحات خوبی درباره پیشینه این اندیشه و انواع آن ارائه داده‏است.

[Amir · Rating 3 out of 5]

اگر پرسش هایی از مارکس از همین نویسنده رو خونده باشید خیلی مبسوط ترو روان تر توضیح میده.چیز تازه ای در مقایسه با اون کتاب نداشت.به جز ایده فصل اول کتاب که داره میگه مارکس میخواد کار عملی و نظری رو با هم ترکیب کنه.

[Naele]

هر کاری را تو نتوانی انجام دهی پول تو می تواند برایت انجام دهد.

[Tobi ﾄﾋﾞ · Rating 1 out of 5]

While the book looks into interesting topics, i was left so disappointed. Iit lacks depth, leaving you wanting more analysis and a more organised and interesting structure.

I would possibly rate this 2 stars but it’s such an easy topic to write about considering how many books out there on the same topic are actually good, so i’m leaving it as one star

[Vanessa Moll · Rating 4 out of 5]

It was a good book for me to keep my already acquired knowledge fresh, but I am worried that the others in my reading group did not have such an easy time. Eagleton used many words that were not easily accessible, such as the Hegelian term of dialectics, which might not be good for first-time readers of Marxist theory.

[Kowsar Bagheri]

۲.۵ از ۵

[Pablo · Rating 3 out of 5]

No solo es Marx y la libertad, también es sobre la filosofía y la historia. Un libro corto, que viene a ser bastante parecido al "Por qué Marx tenia razón" del mismo autor. Aunque en este caso es un poco más específico en el análisis filosófico.
Creo que es un buen libro para comprender y desmitificar al Marx determinista e historicista. Y ver un poco más allá en su pensamiento.

[Mohammad Ali Shamekhi · Rating 3 out of 5]

نمره ی واقعی: دو و نیم

نمی شود گفت کتابی است روشن و شفاف چون جاهایی هم مفاهیم و هم نقل قول ها نیازمند توضیح اند - مبهم ماندن مفاهیم مارکسی برای خواننده ی ناآشنایی مثل من واقعا آزاردهنده بود. اما با وجود این برای من کتاب جالبی بود. بزرگترین آورده ی این کتاب برای شخص من همان چیزی است که در عنوان آمده: آزادی

همه با دیالکتیک ماتریالیستی مارکس و مبارزه ی طبقاتی و مفاهیم بورژوازی و پرولتاریا و از خود بیگانگی و .... کم و بیش آشناییم؛ اما اون چیزی که در پس این حرف ها هست، یعنی شوق مارکس به تحقق آزادی انسانی و جستن از قید ضرورت مادی چیزی است که کمتر شنیدیم ( همون چیزی که نویسنده در جایی نگاه هنری و زیباشناسانه ی مارکس می دونه ). همه ی این حرف ها و مراحل و مبارزات برای یک چیز بیشتر نیست: آزادی انسان - و کار لذت بخش و آزادانه و خودساز؛ خلاصه، سیر تاریخ سیر انسان است برای رسیدن به آزادی، و تبلور خواست انسانی است برای تحقق بخشیدن به خود. اما انسان از پیش در جهان افکنده شده و امکان گسست از شرایط مادی رو نداره؛ پس تحقق آزادی جز با مبارزه ی مادی محقق نمی شه و این برای رسیدن به زمانه ایه که دیگه ضرورت مادی دست آزادی انسان رو نبنده. به نظرم این رویکرد انسانی مارکس چیزیه که باعث میشه من - که با اون زمختی ماتریالیسم مارکسی رابطه ای ندارم - نظرم حتی به ماتریالیسمش جلب بشه و جوز دیگه ای بهش نگاه کنم - یک جورایی همدلانه

[Amir · Rating 3 out of 5]

کتاب در چهار بخش ِ اصلی ِ‌فلسفه، انسان‌شناسی، تاریخ و سیاست تنظیم شده است. بخش قابل‌توجهی از هر فصل را نقل‌قول‌هایی از آثار خود مارکس در بر می‌گیرد. عمده‌ی این نقل‌قول‌ها از «دستنوشته‌های اقتصادی-فلسفی ۱۸۴۴» [کارل مارکس، حسن مرتضوی، نشر آگه:] برداشته شده‌اند.

ادامه:

http://mennu.blogfa.com/post-214.aspx

[August Denys · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is a very short book in which Terry Eagleton manages to get a lot done. It gives brief introductions to Marx's ideas and influences in the areas of Philosophy, Anthropology, History, and Politics. It gives his key ideas and some context surrounding them; however, I do not know how one who is unfamiliar with Marx, that is that they have had no contact whatsoever (because, honestly, many people are only familiar with the evil propagandized Marx), how they would react to the book. There is a certain amount of good faith in which we must interact with things, but with our political climate, the only person who would gain from this is one with very little interaction with Marx, and that interaction would have to be neutral, lacking in bad faith. However, while I say this, it could be useful for some students of Marx because of how well it organizes the thought of Marx. It creates a strong narrative for Marx and does so by taking from many of Marx's works: 18th Brumaire, The Holy Family, The German Ideology, The Critique of the Gotha Program, Capital, and more. Furthermore, it clarifies nicely what some reactionaries mistake for being Marxian. Perhaps the most useful comes from the Historical and Political aspect of Marx in which Eagleton sheds light on the movement of history and the class struggles within. Specifically, the so called Communist society is not one in which there is a dictatorship of the proletariat and that there is more than simply the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat.

All in all, it is a short read, it coherently shows off parts of what Marx wrote (don't look for this to explain Capital V1, 2, or 3), it debunks common objections, and might be useful for those unfamiliar with Marx or those who need to present a narrative of the Marxian Oeuvre.

[Nicholas Panayi · Rating 5 out of 5]

Eagleton is a success in producing a book that explains so much of Marx in so little a volume. The relevant pages numbering only 53.

The first chapter on philosophy suffers for lack of context. It is clear that Marx focused much of his philosophical work in opposition to the 'idealism' prominent in the Germany of his time. I found myself wondering why any of it mattered, or why I should care. Although he does also introduce useful concepts that help frame the rest of the book. Even if they are a bit free floating without the context of the meat and potatoes of Marx's philosophy. The themes here and throughout the book will be repeated and echoed as the book progresses, this being at least party because of the haphazardly systematic and integrated nature of Marx's thought.

Highlights of the chapter are that: we are told that Marx's theory is an 'emancipatory' theory that is supposed to do double duty of explanation and inspiring social & political transformation, are usefully given Marx's definition of freedom as an excess of creative consciousness over animal necessity( which the ruling classes have and use to justify their privilege and which the not the labouring classes have not), Marx's rationalism and historicism, and Marx's theory of ideology as justifying class domination though the promotion of abstractions distracting and papering over real historical conflicts.

The second chapter was more interesting then the first for me because it provided a moral foundation or central value to Marx's system that I had not been aware of until reading this book. That foundation being 'species being'. Like much of Marx it is rather vague and multi faceted. It is a type of eudaimonic concept described as "self delighting development" and "free conscious activity" "self fulfilling energy for the sake of it". Unlike other eudaimonic concepts though which are happy to describe some sort of fulfilment or happiness and leave it at that, it seems to attempt to take within itself the holism of his entire project. As Marx means it the concept implies the unity of social life experienced unmediated by abstractions (such as 'society') that interfere with the immediate aesthetic interaction with life though labour.

An interesting titbit suggested by Eagleton is the way this concept is derived in Aristotelian fashion by asking what is the essence of man; that which is unique to humanity and not shared by animals. Aristotle answered 'politics', Marx answered 'creativity free from need'.

Marx's ethics then are pursuing whatever can achieve this central concept. Personally speaking it is nice to have this core value, technically separable from the other elements of his ideological apparatus(Even though it seems like Marx designed it specifically not to be) as it makes Marx easier to compare to the more down to earth utilitarian philosophy I am more familiar with, and that Eagleton emphasises their differences on this point is appreciated.

Eagleton describes Marx's criticism of the division of labour and the resulting 'alienation', which is a result of the sundering of the unity of this 'species being'. Where before the individual and communal aspects of human essence constitute each other; after the individual is faced with his own productive (or 'species' power) as an external force "hostile and alien". This is then given context by a discussion of Marx's economic theory of commodities and theory 'commodity fetishism'. Capitalism with it's monetary mediation and replacement of 'life' Marx suggests, is like a mirror or bizarro world of how humanity should be.

[unfinished, to be completed]

The liberal use of quotes while not strictly necessary, is a good reference.

[Tvrtko Balić · Rating 4 out of 5]

There's not much I can say about this book. It is a really good, really short overview of Marxism with a focus on the idea of freedom. I'm not a fan of Eagleton's criticism of Stalinism so it doesn't get five stars, but because it's such a simple introduction Eagleton's liberalism isn't too excessive beyond that or when it is, which is sort of inevitable with the focus being on freedom, it is framed in an interesting philosophical analysis. So despite my disagreements with Eagleton I think he did a good job and I would recommend this book.

[Masih Mirjafari · Rating 4 out of 5]

کتابی مناسب برای راهیابی به اندیشه‌های فلسفی، انسان‌شناسی و سیاسی کارل مارکس.

[امیرمحمد حیدری · Rating 3 out of 5]

مفید.

[Maryam Imami · Rating 3 out of 5]

ترجمه ای ضعیف

[Darren]

Reviewed in the March 1998 issue of the Socialist Standard:

https://socialiststandardmyspace.blog...

[Tom · Rating 2 out of 5]

Decent, but I would not describe it as highly engaging

[Mel Stead]

Review from the March 1998 issue of the Socialist Standard:

https://socialiststandardmyspace.blog...

[Aslam Mir · Rating 4 out of 5]

Being a part of the series" The Great Philosophers ", it is a short and concise review of the main ideas of Karl Marx. The Book is divided into major four parts: 1. Philosophy 2: Anthropology 3: History 4: Politics. The books affords a peep into the basics of Marxist philosophy with short quotes from his writings, punctuated by analysis and comments by Terry Eagleton.

[Laurinha Lero · Rating 3 out of 5]

"The bourgeoisie may have done what they did from the least creditable of motives, that of individual profit; but taken collectively this proved a remarkably efficient way of bringing the forces of production to the point where, given a socialist reorganization of them, they could provide the resources to wipe out poverty and deprivation throughout the world. (...) Marxism is not a question of thinking up some fine new social ideals, but rather of asking why it is that the fine ideals we already have, have proved structurally incapable of being realized for everyone."

Eagleton mapeia as principais ideias de Marx em torno do materialismo histórico e dos objetivos socialistas. Na visão do crítico, o socialismo aproveita a riqueza material e intelectual do capitalismo e a redistribui, eliminando a necessidade de trabalho. Assim, cada um é livre para desenvolver sua personalidade da forma que desejar, e o trabalho é elevado de meio de sobrevivência a meio de vida.

Bem basicão e curtinho.

[Louis Devine · Rating 5 out of 5]

Best explanation of Marx's ideas and the philosophy underpinning them I've ever read. Explains Marx's Hegelian heritage and historical materialism in accessible terms without dumbing it down.