"Unlike the all-encompassing pandemic, climate change is an unfamiliar existential threat. There is no measure of success, such as the invention of a vaccine. It is never solved or unsolved. Rather, it is a formula, where the quantity of action put forth to resolve the problem determines the degree to which life on Earth is spared even greater exposure to climate impacts" - Ketan Joshi
I came in expecting a book covering the technical aspects of the energy transition (e.g., integration of variable renewable energy into the grid). Although this was not met, I was still pleasantly surprised due to the points below, which also serve somewhat as a summary.
1. Joshi touches on the human side of climate change. Something I previously thought little about.
Community engagement is essential, but not sufficient when it comes to new renewables/transmission infrastructure projects. Strong enough community opposition, whether due to community concerns or otherwise, is more than capable of obstructing these major projects. Health impacts e.g., "Wind Turbine Syndrome" are a reason for community displeasure/vexation as those nearby wind farms report various ailments from "infrasound". Joshi describes how this syndrome, despite shaky science (at best), found its way to the upper echelon of Australian politics - alluded to by Tony Abbott on a public radio broadcast and investigated (in earnest) as part of 3 federal Senate inquiries and two state inquiries. It was tough to battle this with 'good' science - as the author mentions, the issue with this bad science is that it operates based on the quantity of noise it generates, not the quality of reasoning.
The key takeaway is that major renewables/transmission developments must be developed in an equitable way that distributes the benefits and spreads the costs/impacts fairly. We cannot just rely on the goodwill of the population and their desire to decarbonise the country. There must be local benefits. Joshi uses Denmark as a case study for good community engagement - which involves equity ownership of the wind farm (or profit share) for those who live within X distance. In one case on a Scottish island, the residents even affectionately referred to their wind turbine as their 'totem pole'. Some Australian examples are also provided - e.g., Gullen Range Wind Farm's clean energy program which provided grants of up to $6.5k for residents and businesses for solar hot water, insulation, rooftop solar, and/or battery storage.
2. Joshi shines a positive light on the economics of renewables.
Electricity production from solar and wind is now more economical than coal, even when the renewables are unsubsidized. Moreover, in 2019, the AEMC predicted a drop in wholesale electricity costs up to 2022 of ~12%, largely attributed to the influx of new renewable generation. This new generation was funded in-part due to a tiny amount that all consumers contribute as part of their bills. Although Joshi doesn't dive deep into the economics, it appears that increasing renewable generation in the NEM will actually decrease electricity costs. Joshi however does not cover other challenges often mentioned - e.g., challenges with system inertia, frequency control, etc. (although he does draw on a CSIRO source that says that the grid can support 50% variable renewable energy generation with little to no additional storage required).
3. The book delivers a scathing attack on Australia's climate policy and political discourse around energy. This had high educational value, but at times seemed a tad too righteous.
One key callout is that token actions ('a morsel of perceived action') by the government can lead to the populace thinking Australia is taking action, whilst skirting any real action. The science is far too compelling for outright climate change denial - but denial is not required when people are misled into thinking Australia is taking strong climate action. Joshi cites ScoMo's 'Climate Solutions Package' as an example of this. Part of it tried to use over performance on Kyoto targets to count towards the Paris Climate Agreement. This over-performance itself is dubious, as the baseline was artificially adjusted to include land clearing, which coincidentally dropped off significantly in the years following the Kyoto Protocol.
Joshi also describes in-depth how the SA blackouts, caused by tornadoes, were used to vilify renewable energy. In the following years, some of the loudest voices in the media and Australian politics attributed each blackout/power loss as due to the failings of renewable energy (when in many cases they were actually due to issue with fossil fuel plants). Furthermore, climate action is now so partisan in Australia that, when Turnbull's Clean Energy Target suggested a 42% renewables target, concerns were raised that they were too close to Labor's target of 50%. The target was eventually scrapped - as the author mentions, this "was an automatic response to the threatening possibility of bipartisanship on climate."
4. The book is loaded with interesting (and at times, spooky) facts:
- "The Paris Climate Agreement (formed in 2015) aims to limit the planet's warming to 2 degrees below pre-industrial levels and for a 1.5 degree limit stretch target. Humanity needs to halve its usage of fossil fuels each decade, from now on. Our species needs to be at net zero emissions by 2050."
- "The top 100 active fossil fuel producers are linked to 71% of global industrial GHGs since 1988, the year in which human-induced CC was officially recognised through the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (undefined what 'linked' means)"
- "In an [Australian] survey conducted by Roy Morgan between Apr 2006 and Sep 2019, the percentage of respondents answer 'It is already too late' when asked of their views on global warming has increased from 15% in 2006 to 28% in 2019."
Looking forward
Many have said that the pandemic has shown that global human cooperation is possible, and if we can beat COVID, we can beat climate change as well. Joshi, however, outlines why this is not the case, and why we need to make bold moves on climate action now: "There is no profit motive urging the world's biggest corporations to keep the virus alive. There is no incumbent infrastructure in the world relying on the burning of molecules of it. There is no equivalent for the massive, organised, industrial-scale friction against climate policy for coronavirus policy."