Using the self as Method – Book review
(Connecting Xiang Biao’s main ideas through the lens of center and periphery)
Ever since Xiang Biao raised the idea of “the disappearance of the nearby” in “Thirteen Talks”(十三邀). I began to pay close attention to his theories and public talks. I have watched almost all of his interviews, both in English and Chinese. Among them, I especially enjoyed his conversation with David Ownby, who is also the translator of the English edition of “Using the Self as Method”. Some of the dialogues initiated by the Max Planck Institute and posted on YouTube are also quite inspiring, and Wu Qi’s follow-up questions are consistently intellectually engaging and thoughtful.
Regarding this book, what resonates with me the most is the discussion of “center and periphery”, and I will use this duality as the starting point to link Xiang Biao’s main points which he frequently raises in media.
1. Center and Periphery
First, it is the relationship between center and periphery. We live in a centralized world today where the periphery is deemed disposable. As a result, much of people’s effort is directed toward escaping the periphery, to the point where everything and everyone around them can be instrumentalized to achieve this ultimate goal. The pursuit of centrality is multifaceted and relentless. In the context of China, academically, Peking University and Tsinghua University represent the center, while second-tier universities and vocational schools occupy the periphery. Economically, major cities represent the center, while smaller towns and rural areas occupy the periphery. Centralized Algorithms/platforms now are the essential part of our daily life while people not knowing the mechanism behind are pushed to the margins. (In this sense, the center and periphery imply not geographic attributes but power structure) Social media narratives such as “second-tier university underdog stories” or “rural to Peking/Tsinghua/Oxford/Cambridge/Harvard/Yale” all reflect this tension between periphery and center. The former is labeled as peripheral, so it needs the symbolic authority of the latter to be legitimized.
2.Suspension
Within the tension between the center and the periphery, individual struggle often takes the form of what Xiang calls “suspension.” It was derived from hummingbird frantically flapping wings to avoid falling. Biao used this term to describe migrant workers who move from rural parts of China to the cities. They conduct most labor-intensive work without much social protection and accumulation. Moving one short-term job to another. Today, however, the suspension can be applied more broadly to the educated youth struggling in a turbulent economic time. It describes a mindset people think the current moments are meant to be sacrificed for a “better self” to emerge. The present, the here and now, becomes a waiting period—something to be “endured.” This endurance is precisely the suspended state of hummingbird hovering in midair.
3.The Disappearance of the Nearby
Things mentioned above collectively contribute to “disappearance of the nearby”. The nearby disappears because it is given up consciously. When departing from the margin is the goal and flapping the wings for “higher up” is the means, the nearby inevitably fades away. People who are chasing this “higher up” become only interested in discussing about their own feelings or “world events” while there is no layer in between. The term “disappearance of the nearby” was developed during Xiang Biao’s interactions with his students at Oxford. He found that if a person cannot describe what is nearby, then what they say about “the world” is very likely to be uninteresting.
4.The Return of the Gentry
So what can be done when the nearby disappears? One of the solutions Biao proposes is the “return of the gentry.” (gentry within Chinese context not British one)Interestingly, when he mentioned the English translation of “乡绅” as gentry, even David Ownby, a scholar of Chinese intellectual history was somewhat surprised. After all, the term feels outdated in contemporary Chinese usage. I think this proposal reflects Biao’s own academic orientation. The gentry represents a kind of locally rooted intellectual. They do not take pride in becoming part of a distant center; instead, they aim to offer interpretation and insight for their own locality, serving as a bridge between ordinary people and certain intellectual traditions.
5.Using the Self as Method
Xiang’s own practice is also consistent with this approach. In his essay “World, Theory, and Self: An Overseas Exploration by a Chinese Scholar” and book “Using self as method”, he writes about his personal experiences. During his first year of PhD studies, the language difficulties caused him to become “speechless” at Oxford. Without receiving formal training of Western-style research methods and reference skills, he had to merge different half-understood theories into a coherent proposal. The proposal was described twice by the professors as “outrageous,” and he did not know how to reorganize his work to express his ideas.
Later, during his research in Australia, he went through a period of confusion until he decided to focus on the topic of “body shopping” in IT industry which finally gave his work direction. While conducting fieldwork in India, he encountered serious health issues, but fortunately received timely help from local friends and eventually completed his doctoral dissertation.
Xiang Biao’s way of engaging with the world and with academia is gentry-like(乡绅式), or at least he prefers to work in this manner. In Using the Self as Method, he repeatedly emphasizes that, even today, he feels closest to the people in Wenzhou who make cigarette lighters. He does not share the romanticized imagination of Oxford or Peking University that many Chinese students have. Instead, he prefers to look at the substances: he appreciates Oxford’s small-size class discussions, the freedom of the college system, and the use of plain language to explain theory, but he believes the symbolic imagination and power relations surrounding elite institutions need to be dismantled.
6.Final Review
Reflecting on what I have written, I will need to reiterate Xiang Biao never states explicitly about the causal links between his main views same as what I have provided above. However, after listening to his interviews and lectures, reading his books and essays, I do see there is connection (might not be casual) between those points, and that is also why I organized my reflection in the current way.
I would personally be cautious about the “return of gentry” as a solution. Many of the challenges we have seen in the past three decades are mostly rooted in economic structures rather than moral appeals. Many people had to migrate mainly due to concentrated industries in the coastal provinces and major cities. If the concentration of wealth, job opportunities and healthcare continue to proceed as they did in the past 3 decades. The return of intellectuals alone is not going to address the problems while more economics need to brought into the equation when it comes to thinking about remedies.
Many people are drawn to the grounded quality in Xiang Biao. He is clearly analytical rather than comforting. Yet his analysis helps people better understand the structures surrounding them and their own position within those structures. In this sense, the insight he offers is already a great form of consolation.