At a time when what it means to watch movies keeps changing, this book offers a case study that rethinks the institutional, ideological, and cultural role of film exhibition, demonstrating that film exhibition can produce meaning in itself apart from the films being shown. Cinema Off Screen advances the idea that cinema takes place off screen as much as on screen by exploring film exhibition in China from the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949 to the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. Drawing on original archival research, interviews, and audience recollections, Cinema Off Screen decenters the filmic text and offers a study of institutional operations and lived experiences. Chenshu Zhou details how the screening space, media technology, and the human body mediate encounters with cinema in ways that have not been fully recognized, opening new conceptual avenues for rethinking the ever-changing institution of cinema.
Read half of the book (Chapters 1-3) for a Chinese reading group and had the opportunity to discuss it with the author for half an hour. The book has an interesting theory that contributes to the gap in related studies. But more substantial evidence and in-depth research are desired. Below are my summary, comments, and questions.
前言 1-27 解题 作者主讲1949年至20世纪90年代初(约1992年)、中国社会主义时期的露天电影。这种电影一般由党来组织、以政治宣传为目的。Cinema off screen 是与西方电影做对比。西方电影在放映时,周围一片黑暗,观众作为小小的个体,被笼罩在巨大的荧幕之下,看到的是cinema on screen。而中国过去的露天电影,一般是从工作人员布置场子看到他们收起场子,周围喧闹,电影只是整体体验的一个部分,看到的是cinema off screen。作者认为,虽然露天电影以政治宣传为目的,但人们的体验是超出了政治宣传的。观众能够看到政治宣传,也能选择不去接受它们。他们的电影体验,更多的是在那个氛围下和周围观众形成的群体(10-15)。
评论: 这一章很有意思。以前在科技哲学课上,看到的文章的多是科技如何影响人,如何重塑个人与社会。这一章描述的却是人如何成就科技的一面,而且这里的人,不是科学家,不是有权有势的人,而是电影放映人,凭借他们个人的身体,对抗风霜雨雪,把科技传到中国的各个角落。 我对书中第66页提到的人与机器的连续体(human-machine continuum)有一个评论。书中提到Tina Mai Chen认为当工具发展人身体的各种能力时,仿佛人的身体和机器的身体成为连续体,人的身体变得跟机器的身体在能力上几乎一样,人的能力增强了。这就让我联想到在科技哲学课上看到的两个案例,和大家分享一下。 Heidegger's Hammer The hammer is an artifact that is embodied in the user. When the user uses it to pound the nails, they don’t take it as an independent object of their experience of pounding the nails. Rather, the hammer is the means of their experience. It is their extended hand that has the strength to pound the nails. The user wouldn’t take it as an independent object until it breaks down, goes missing, etc. E.g. glass, car in Coeckelbergh 51-52 Merleau-Ponty's Feather Our bodies can be extended through objects and artifacts. E.g. a woman naturally takes the feather on her hat as an extended hand and is consciousness to not let other things break it off when she goes through a doorway.
问题: 1. 作者在书中开头提到观众对政治宣传的记忆不深是因为观众对政治宣传的接受程度不高。作者认为观众能够独立思考,自主选择要不要接受政治教育。但是有没有其他合理的解释呢?也许观众已经把政治思想融入生活中,觉得没有什么特别的,记忆就把他们在观影中习得的过程抹去了?或者观众已经在其他地方先接触到这些政治思想,把政治思想和这些地方联系在一起,而非和观影联系在一起?或者电影情节对观众的影响对单纯的政治宣传的影响要大很多,他们就忽略了这些政治宣传?作者在第三章结尾也提到相关的一些疑惑。作者能否再详谈一下这部分的考虑? "Neither my interviews nor publicly available testimonies indicate much impression of projectionists speaking during screenings beyond making announcements at the beginning. Could it be that projectionists decided to make their jobs easier by not lecturing [i.e., not teaching political or other knowledge]? Perhaps the audiences had trouble hearing their speech due to poor sound amplification? Is it possible that the lecturing blended into the films so well or that it became so routine that it did not attract attention? The answer probably varied case by case. Nevertheless, the retrospective silencing of the projectionist may be read as an indication that despite efforts to control the moviegoing process, audiences might well have experienced films, and retained selective memory of their experiences, on their own terms." (p. 101-102)
2. 书中第71页提到电影放映人出现在观影人面前(visibility of projectionists)并没有内在的意义,它只是为政治宣传和电影放映提供了一个界面。观影人可以通过更深入的了解,来认识放映人到底是个好人还是坏人。但是这些深入的了解是每个人的个体行为与理解。有些人会去深入了解,有些人不会。有人能够深入了解到,有些人不会。当群众或者官方媒体渲染的都是放映人正面的形象,对于那些深入了解到的人,难道他们不会认为自己认识的一两个坏的电影放映人只是极个别现象吗?电影放映人的显现本身不还是直接的政治宣传,而非仅仅为政治宣传提供一个平台?我们能否理解,由于官方的渲染,放映人的身体和言行,都成为了直接的模范代表,成为观众学习的目标,这形成了他们内在的含义? The latter thus reminds us that the visibility of the projectionist has no inherent meaning. Visibility simply provides another possible interface for the articulation of ideology. (p. 71)