The read draws a clearer view on how on large scale the payments are carried out across the world. What are the latest innovations in the industry and how the things may be advancing in the future. In a nutshell, I recommend this read for a freshmen in the industry who would like to have a broader picture before delving into details. Although everything the book speaks about is hardly comprehendible plainly in theory. As the book stipulates, many find it challenging to understand the big picture how all the moving parts fit together and in particular how the confusing, rapidly changing (and risky) cross-border payments ecosystem functions. Thus, counting only on the book to help you to grasp all concepts is futile, one needs to be using and seeing things in application in order to fathom them on a decent level.
Here are some key excerpts from the book:
- When we speak of global payments there are few issues, we need to get answers about:
o How do national payments systems work?
o Who are the players in each country?
o How do cross-border payments work?
o How is interoperability achieved?
o What are the fintech providers?
o How they shaped payment innovation?
o What is financial inclusion?
- The essential requirements of payments users are universal: safety, ubiquity, affordability, reliability and usability
- Flow of cross-border payments is enormous and cross border payments services are among the most complex (and lucrative) sectors of the payments industry
- Monetary authority of Singapore – annual fintech conference in 2019 attracted 60K participants from IMO countries
- Some aspects of the today’s fintech landscape are merely window dressing but some will change industry substantially
- Payment systems development in emerging economies is important as the predictor of eventual direction of the global industry – countries without entrenched digital payments systems are using new technologies and business models
- Many governments with passionate commitment to financial inclusion see the potential to bring underserved citizens into the digital mainstream
- payment systems are inherently national
- there are no true global payments systems, virtually all payments transactions are national
- there are fundamentally different two types of payments: token based and account based
- cash is self clearing and self settling payment method – though handling and theft risks persist
- 1994 Sanwa bank – money laundering atm-s – dispensing yens sanitized and wrinkle free
- Account based payments are instructions resulting in one account being debited and another credited
- Only certain types of chartered/licensed institutions are allowed to offer accounts and only those within a country are allowed to join its payments systems
- The core systems at each country are actually very similar – there is a mutual threshold of available tech and ideas; another reason global standard bodies, CPMI, BIS, FATF
- Every country has an interoperable payments system – a core set of them (IPS)
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- RTGS (real time gross settlement) systems, ACH – automated clearing house, direct debit, credit transfer, faster payments, debit card systems are all examples of IPS as some credit card, prepaid card and mobile payments
- Payment systems bind FSPs, the set of rules tht does so
- In closed loop systems, PSPs grant transaction accounts to both payer and payee – e.g. AMEX, m-pesa, Alipay
- Each country’s includes similar types of players:
o FSPs- banks, EMI, microfinance institutions – provide transaction accounts
o Central banks – operate country’s RTGS wire transfer system, including ta national RTRP (real time retail payments) system. CB’s representatives sit on payments clearing house’s boards in advisory roles. Some CB’s manage national currencies.
o One or more clearing houses involved with operations of national payments systems they are owned collectively by country’s fin institutions CH’s operate ACH, ATMs, RTRP
o Card systems – debit and credit cards provided by domestic card scheme operated by multipurpose CH or Global card network. ATM function as debit cards. Global card systems may operate with national platform regional or global
- Some regulators think of payments system as public goods, akin to internet DNS or highway
- 3 questions about the future:
o Payment systems – infrastructure compared to marketplace
o How will open banking evolve
o How will retail fraud be managed