In the heady world of jazz, there are a few standout piano legends: Thelonious Monk, Ahmad Jamal, Erroll Garner, Chick Corea, Keith Jarrett, and the legendary Bill Evans. Peter Pettinger has written a perfect biography of this seminal artist perfectly blending some music theory (but not too much for folks that have only a superficial understanding of score sheets like me) with biographical detail as well as a comprehensive analysis of Bill's incredible catalog of recorded music. With this review, I want to analyze Bill Evans in the context of jazz piano, jazz trios, and his impact on jazz overall.
The piano originated in around 1700 and evolved to what is known as the modern piano in the early 19th C. Bill Evans' earliest training (and his degree in music from Southeastern Louisiana College in 1950) was in classical form and he idolized masters such as Frederic Chopin and Franz Lizst who were among the greatest piano players before the 20th century. However, he very quickly moved to the freer forms of jazz where he felt more able to improvise. The position of the piano in jazz has always been a central one with geniuses such as Fats Waller, Fats Domino, Art Tatum, Oscar Peterson and Duke Ellington all moving the piano from a rhythm instrument to a central part of the jazz repertory. In terms of his contemporaries, Bill Evans sits in the middle of a continuum from the swing of Oscar Peterson and the more eclectic sounds of Thelonious Monk. His ballads are of unspeakable beauty while his technique is perfect and clean but also with a virtuoso touch.
The bebop era in the 50s saw a movement from larger orchestral settings of the swing era (Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Bennie Goodman, etc) towards smaller groups. The core of most groups was the piano-bass-drums trio to which horn and sax players (as well as flute, vibes and other instruments as well) to form quartets, quintets, sextets, etc. Some piano players decided to forgo the wind instruments altogether and perform just with the three core instruments. Nat "King" Cole pioneered the trio lineup of piano-guitar-drums lineup in 1939 and was followed by Art Tatum and Oscar Peterson in this regard who replaced the guitar with the standup bass. About the same time that Bill Evans created his first trio groups between 1955 and 1958, Ahmad Jamal recorded the landmark album But Not For Me in 1958 with Israel Crosby and Vernell Fournier and Erroll Garner recorded his greatest album, the classic Concert By The Sea with Eddie Calhoun and Denzil Best. On both of these live albums, the spotlight is truly on the piano player where the bass and drums get some solos, but they are clearly there in a supporting role. In the case of Bill Evan's trios - and in particular, his greatest trios the first with Scott La Faro & Paul Motian, those with Gary Peacock & Paul Motian and Eddie Gomez & Larry Bunker, and the last one with Marc Johnson & Joe La Barbera), there was a lot more space left for the bass and drums for improvisation and soloing. As Pettinger points out, Bill needed a strong bass player to drive his creativity and he found his perfect match in Scott La Faro. Unfortunately, Scotty died in a fatal car accident after only recording a total of two and a half hours of music and his death was a blow to Bill Evans. As for drummers, Pettinger notes that his perfect drummer was Philly Joe Jones, but they only recorded together on a handful of occasions due to both Jones' other commitments and their mutual substance abuse issues. What is truly fascinating to see in his evolution (and detailed in the book), is precisely how Bill's music adapted to personnel changes and the strong relationships he formed with the other trio members.
Bill Evans style is a light touch and an inimitable tonality that sets him apart from most other jazz pianists. His composition catalog is vast having authored many songs with became jazz standards ("Very Early," "Waltz for Debbie", etc) but also many jazz standards ("'Round Midnight", "In A "Sentimental Mood") and lots of show tunes including favorites such as Santa Claus is coming to town and the "Theme from M*A*S*H". Once you dive in, it is nearly limitless in scope and extremely pleasurable to listen to. Evans brought gave a central place to the ballad and influenced all of the pianists that came after him. Marc Copland, Brad Mehldau, Vijay Iyer, and even Keith Jarrett all bear influence of his style in their recordings.
Arguably, Evans' best work, besides the aforementioned trios, was his collaboration with Miles Davis at Newport 1958 and on the quintessential jazz masterpiece from 1959, Kind of Blue. Pettinger gives a long, fascinating narrative of this collaboration and focused on how Evans influenced and augmented Miles' ideas in terms of modal (as opposed to scalar) composition. He plays on every track except for Freddie Freeloader, where Wynton Kelly took the chair behind the ivories. If there is just one jazz album you ever listen to, it should be Kind of Blue. It was a credit to Miles to keep the young white piano player around despite comments from black jazz musicians who resented Miles for not taking a black pianist to replace Red Garland. Pettinger attributes the dislocation of Bill Evans in the world of jazz dominated by black musicians as one of the reasons for his long-time addiction to heroin in order to fit in and nurse a darker, more mysterious side to his personality.
There are, of course, other incredible albums in his long discography (Pettinger details 164 separate recordings in the book), perhaps the most important being Sunday at the Village Vanguard featuring Scott La Faro and Paul Motian which bears listening to over and over again. The first studio recording with the First Trio, Portrait in Jazz, is an absolute masterpiece as well. Of note is Pettinger's explanation of how Evans made the notes sing on this album (pg. 95). However, the other trios that he formed after the death of Scotty with various bassists and drummers are not to be missed. Sadly, before the end of his short life, he found an entirely new dynamic with the Last Trio of Marc Johnson and Joe La Barbera, but died only 18 months after forming that group.
The central tragedy of jazz is the premature death of many of its greatest protagonists, many of which were drug-related. When Bill Evans was making his start in New York, jazz was already rife with addicts of heroin, most notably the ill-fated but truly spectacular sax player Charlie Parker. Bill Evans suffered hepatitis his entire life, a problem exacerbated by his heavy addiction to heroin starting during these early days in the emulation of his idols on the jazz scene. There was a brief period in the early 70s when he kicked the needle, but unfortunately, he replaced it only a few years later with cocaine. I already mentioned the catastrophic loss of his friend and colleague Scott La Faro in 1961. When he left Ellaine Schultz, his live-in girlfriend for twelve years, for Nenette in 1973, Ellaine jumped in front of a subway in NYC. In 1979, his brother Harry shot himself with a shotgun. These violent deaths most likely had a non-negligible impact on his psyche and on the deepening of feeling in his music. Bill Evans himself died at only 51 years old on September 15, 1980, from hemorrhaging and bronchial pneumonia, but it was really the result of decades of substance abuse.
All in all, Pettinger's book provides a comprehensive and entertaining look at one of the 20th centuries greatest musicians and is a fantastic gateway into his unique, fertile musical universe.