This book is largely a series of lectures in print, which Russell produced against the backdrop for the First World War, a conflict that heavily impacted his outlook on both war as a perversion of human societies and also the various forms of political and economic exploitation that existed. I highly recommend this book for many reasons.
First, it provides a wonderfully accessible and concise illustration of one of the most important philosophical minds of the 20th Century, if not of all modern history. Bertrand Russell wrote philosophy with an astute academic mind, yet at the same time could present his ideas and arguments in a colloquial style that made his writing accessible to more pedestrian readers.
Second, the book provides a nuanced take on the great economic and political conflict which erupted in this turn-of-the-Century period between capitalism and 'Marxian' socialism. Russell's chapter "the Pitfalls of Socialism," written supposedly just prior to the October revolution in Russia and the founding of the USSR, provides a strong philosophical critique of what may be called 'core' socialist principles and how their impacts on individual liberties will only lead to further economic injustice. One the other hand, Russell makes clear arguments against the unfettered capitalism and economics of wage-labor, which he observes exploits a vast majority of the population, while a small minority elite reaps the benefits. This, Russell argues, is just as detrimental to human liberty as any socialist scheme of state-driven economic policies. While Russell makes criticisms against both economic systems, Russell ultimately expresses support for a communitarian arrangement as the most just and efficient economic system. One that sees the workers of specific industries organized into autonomous units, selling at prices fixed by a democratically-elected government, which is also the sole recipient of rent in the country. Some may call this "Russellian" socialism, but then again, the term socialism has become so nebulous since its inception, that even Russell at times is not as clear as he ought to be about its core principles. Whether his economic proposals are agreeable to the reader or not, they nonetheless provide a sound stimulant for the reader to partake in an economic thought experiment to come up with what socio-economic arrangement provides justice and liberty to the individual without allowing them to restrict those of others.
Third, Russell often provides paradoxical problem sets for us to consider when discussing the systems he criticizes. "The world is full of preventable evils which most men would be glad to see prevented," Russell writes. "Nevertheless, these evils persist, and nothing effective is done toward abolishing them." Russell uses this social paradox to point out morally concerning problems like war, famine, wealth inequality. It also explains why so many 'idealist' reformers often become disillusioned so rapidly when trying to have an impact on human institutions. Russell goes back through a conceptual taxonomy to arrive at certain 'evil' principles that he sees as governing the institutions of power, hindering elites with short-sightedness, possessiveness, and greed. An observer of the world today does not have to journey far to make Russell's observations relate to the world today.
Finally, Russell provides a wily and thought-provoking scheme to prevent wars through the establishment of a world government. This recommendation is years before League of Nations, and decades prior to the United Nations. Yet this global parliament, as conceptualized by Russell, exceeds both actual models by their ability to wield the only legal army and navy in the world, thus correcting any nation or state seeking to disrupt international and social harmony. Russell even suggests that this international police-force will eventually be unnecessary, as states around the world see the uselessness of war and the high utility gained from the trade of goods and scientific progress between each other. Another crackpot idea by a pacificist? Perhaps- but allow the nuances of the idea to foment a thought experiment in your mind. War, as the paradox goes, is an evil we should prevent? In the same way that murder between individuals is evil and should be stopped, how then do we make war preventable?
Political Ideals, come highly recommended and is fantastic primer to Russell's early political philosophy that, while not his primary pursuit (he made his career as a logician and philosopher of language), has come to define his legacy as a celebrated thinker and scholar of our times. For some readers, I would recommend insuring you get a copy which includes a Chapter V- "National Independence and Internationalism," some versions, or audiobook versions at least, do not include this, but it provides Russell's core views on nationalism and his practical approach to achieving an international scheme of pacifism.