Guha, a structuralist, situates himself into a continuum that includes Gramsci, Hobsbawm (the classical Marxist from whom he is departing significantly), and E.P. Thompson. Surprisingly well written ... really polished and persuasive.
Guha attempts to understand the political consciousness of subaltern groups within the context of general insurgency. He rejects Hobsbawm's understanding of rebels as somehow "pre-political" and rather extends to them "varieties of political action" :
"The peasant obviously knew what he was doing when he rose in revolt. The fact that this was designed primarily to destroy the authority of the superordinate elite and carried no elaborate blueprint for its replacement does not put it outside the realm of politics. On the contrary, insurgency affirmed its political character precisely by its negative and inversive procedure. By trying to force a mutual substitution of the dominate and the dominated in the power structure it left nothing to doubt about its own identity as a project of power."
Perhaps most refreshing about this work is its attitude -- subaltern studies seems driven to enfranchise the marginalised. Its scope isn't limited to India, as Guha draws examples from rebellions across time and space. All and all, a very reasonable blend of Marx and Tocqueville. Guha restores to the peasants their essential political orientation, while retaining a sufficient Marxist orientation with respect to class struggle.
Foundational for a reason ! Can really see how it was central to the paradigm shift of subaltern studies. Great for learning about subaltern resistance in general, not just the Indian context.
“It is not by insurgency alone that the peasant comes to know himself. In colonial India a sense of identity was imposed on him by those who had power over him by virtue of their class, caste and official standing. It was they who made him aware of his place in society as a measure of distance from themselves – a distance expressed in differentials of wealth, status and culture. His identity amounted to the rum of his subalternity. In other words, he learnt to recognize himself not by the properties and attributes of his own social being but by a diminution, if not negation, of those of his superiors.” (18)
Absolutely incredible book; richly detailed, theoretically sophisticated, but unambiguously partisan, *communist* history of peasant struggle in colonial India.
Guha convincingly threads complex analytical needles again and again in his anatomization of the worldview of peasant rebels: between the radicalism of peasant rebel consciousness and its immersion in tradition, between the targeting of real enemies and the way religious ideology conditioned rebels to see their actions as the instantiation of a divine will rather than their own, between anti-colonial hostility to the British/European presence (or that of Hindu/Muslim society in the case of adivasis) and class struggle within Indian society as a motivator; it's truly something to behold.