Introduction
p.XIV – Fashion is one of the most socially exploitative and resource polluting industries in the world, its economic and environmental impact is vast and its capacity for cultural influences is endless. Fashion is by no means superficial; it delves deep, saying as much about who we are, and the state of our civilization as it does about a personal tastes of the local traditions.
As a result, of the proposed 53 million tons of textiles produced globally every year, over 75% are discarded, both in the production phase and at post consumer level (after we’ve worn it). The equivalent of a rubbish truck full of discarded clothes go straight into landfill every second.
The fate of cheap clothing is marked as soon as it leaves the factory, and it’s worthy of an unedited Grimm Brothers fairytale: made in misery, bought in haste, worn for one night (if that) and then chucked in the bin. Our ready-to-wear has turned into ready-to-waste. Karl Marx once said that religion is the opium of the masses - to upgrade this concept, today’s consumerism is our crack cocaine.
And expensive things aren’t necessarily better made; the luxury sector is equally responsible for damaging the environment and for human exploitation, and it would be a big mistake to think that just because something costs more its profits are more ethically distributed throughout its supply chain. There is not much difference, apart from the price tag, between cheap clothes and fast luxury. It is the entirety of the fashion industry that is called into question, as our insatiable thirst for more, more, more.
Chapter 1 – Mending is a State of Mind
p.3 – The story of poorly made objects is well now: It started in the USA in the 1920s with General Motors, to encourage the buying of more cars, more often, and was originally intended as a way to increase production (and jobs) by deliberate manipulation of the design of a product, in order for it to break sooner.
This system is called ‘planned obsolescence’ (although the original name, as coined by the man who invented it, Alfred P. Sloan, Jr, was ‘dynamic obsolescence’), And it has now spread to almost everything we buy – things are not made to last, and there are increasing legal or logistical loopholes that actively prevent us from independently repairing the stuff we buy once it breaks, as anyone in possession of a faulty iPhone or leaking washing machine knows only too well. You can’t just call the person down the road to mend your broken object, because it wasn’t designed to be disassembled: only approved technicians will do. Why?
The monopolizing, forceful and non-inclusive nature of this business model, which is directly responsible for our current cheap mass production and resulting crisis of hyper-consumerism, denies decent work to local communities. Repairing, crafts and making are no longer seen as dignified, viable professions, which in turn decreases our capability for manual skills, because we are no longer teaching such skills in schools.
p.40 – So How Did We Get Into This Mess? – In 1972 US President Nixon arrived in China and met Mao Tze-tung, forever altering global power structures and opening up China to the rest of the world after centuries of seclusion. Slowly what had been barriers became trade opportunities, and global industries began to move to new, undiscovered and largely unregulated shores. At that point, fashion brands still largely owned their producing factory, All worked in close proximity to the mills and manufacturers, creating a sense of community as well protecting their intellectual property and USPs.
p.42 – Mass production was intended to generate, not feed, conspicuous consumption. We aren’t hard–wired to buy, or hoard clothes; we have been herded, like sheep, to our closest high–street stores.
Chapter 3 – Look Back to Move Forward
p.61 – Democratic Fashion and Patterns for Change – People talk about fast fashion as democratization of fashion, regarding its affordability and ready availability as a sign of inclusiveness. However, nothing that is born of exploitation and misery can ever be described as democratic or inclusive – democracy and inclusivity cannot extend solely to the final users, but should be equally distributed throughout the supply chain.
Chapter 4 – Why Care?
p.72 – Longevity Matters – The advent of the electric washing machine in 1908 created a distance between our hands and our dirty clothes – a distance that has become a gulf over the years.
Chapter 5 – Fabrics of Our Lives
p.90 – Cotton – “Colonialism is not a thing of the past, it is a modern economic reality; when we trace cotton, labour and silk routes they all map identically with colonial routes established a few hundred years ago. By empowering the existing system of exploitation of labour and resourcing, we are complying to the colonial model of extraction and destruction that end up benefiting only a few on top of the pyramid scheme.” (Celine Semaan, founder of the Slow Factory)
Chapter 8 – Tech Before You Buy
Page 181 – I have said in this book already: as we mend our broken clothes, we also need to repair the broken systems that made them. And when it comes to the systems that govern our consumption, we – the citizens, the brand’s customers – have immense power of persuasion, because brands are incredibly interested in the way we shop from them.
If mending clothes is revolutionary act, then understanding how the fashion industry works, why is operating system is broken and how to involve yourself in agitation for its betterment is a mature act of responsible for citizenship. It’s what we can all do to change the status quo, and to take full responsibility for purchasing choices.
p.193 – Cultural Appropriation vs. Cultural Appreciation – “The term ‘cultural appropriation’ may be overused, but only because the negative power dynamic that is used to describe it is all too common. It is about power, and always exists within the framework of oppression and colonialism. It exists within the double–edged sword of cultural erasure and cultural theft. It’s not just the theft, it’s the hypocrisy. It’s not about ‘culture policing’ or ‘you can’t say anything anymore’ as conservative rhetoric would have it. Yet even in the most blatant cases we must use the opportunity for conversation rather than simple finger – pointing.” (Céline Semaan, founder of the Slow Factory)
Fortunately, the Internet and social media increasing scrutiny and somehow facilitating industry watchdogs. One example is the Instagram account ‘diet Prada’, launched in 2014 by two fashion–industry co-workers with a great sense of humour. The account, which at the time of writing has grown to more than 1.8 million followers, began by drawing the blatant comparison between one designers catwalk show and another’s, to highlight and ridicule the end of originality in fashion, and to ask us all to take the industry a little less seriously. But as the catwalks have copied and assorted cultures the world over, The account has stepped up to highlight their behaviour to a community that holds designers and brands accountable.
It is one thing to buy a piece directly from the community that made it, and who will prosper from our custom – it is quite another to buy a designer copy of that piece, without checking if the people who inspired it are actually benefiting from its profits. When it comes to cultural appreciation and its nemesis, cultural appropriation, the line that divides them is fragile, like a badly sewn hem with a disintegrating thread.
In her book ‘who owns culture’, the lawyer, legal scholar and author Susan Scafidi defines cultural appropriation as ‘taking intellectual property, traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, or artefacts from someone else’s culture without permission.
p.195 – Carry Somers, Fashion Revolution's co-founder, is an outspoken voice when it comes to this topic. Her multi – award – winning fair – trade brand Pachacuti has been working with indigenous Panama – hat weavers in Ecuador since the late 1980s.
She writes:
Explanations of cultural appropriation arguments too often revolve solely around power, and the imbalances of that power. The normal argument goes that it is dominant/colonial/white/western/capitalist exploitation of a less privileged/subjugated/minority/dispossessed/voiceless culture. Whilst power is important, it isn’t all about power and this narrative needs to be written. Culture borrowing can be positive, not just problematic, and fashion, as well as music, art and other cultural expressions would be far poorer without it…
To carry this conversation forward, we need to imagine new ways to credit the source of inspiration integrate this into design practice, as well as drawing up new legislative frameworks to better protect communities. A new law is passing through the Mexican legislator on safeguarding the knowledge, culture and identity of indigenous and Afri – Mexican people and communities. The new law will recognise collective ownership rights over the cultural expressions and sanction third parties who use, market or exploit elements of the cultural identity without the corresponding consent. The hope is that this will create a blueprint for other countries to follow. In the meantime, until the culture of the industry changes and untilLegislation comes into force to protect communities, all of us as global citizens can make more responsible fashion choices and support brands who work directly with these communities, giving them the respect and remuneration of they deserve.
p.196 – Being creative with your clothes is not only about how construct your look; it’s also about constructing your beliefs. Being elegant and smart is not only about cut and silhouette; it’s also about being brave enough to experiment with your mindsets, having the courage to try new things and the confidence to trust they are right for you.
And you don’t have to be into fashion to try – you could just as well be into human rights, or environmentalism, because this isn’t solely about the way we look, but it’s also about the way we dress: monotonous or exhilarating, acquiring clothes is something we all have to do and, once we acquire them, we are responsible for them. Understanding where their raw materials originate from, knowing where they were made, by whom and what conditions, caring for them in order to maximise their longevity, and having an afterlife strategy for when they become obsolete to you may seem laborious, but it is necessary.
You have done this before, in other areas of your life, I am sure. You have questioned the food you eat at some point, and acted accordingly, whether it lasted or not; you’ve been angered by something badly enough to withdraw your custom, permanently or temporarily (and you probably also tweeted your resentment and took the time to google to see if others felt the same); you check the ingredients, you compare prices, you read the reviews. Do the same with the clothes. Make informed decisions and take up responsibility ways to interact with the system that you wish to see made better. We need to example – we make the trends.
Chapter 9 – Transparency is Trending
p.203 – “Transparency by itself will not solve the industries problems, but it provides an important window into the conditions in which our clothes are being made. What we each do with the information being disclosed by big brands and retailers is most important of all. It is with access to information that we hold brands and retailers, governments and suppliers to account. Paragraph we see transparency as the first step towards wider systematic change for a safer, fairer and cleaner global fashion industry.” (Sarah Ditty, Fashion Revolution policy director)
p.204 – Why Transparency? – The present fashion industry is built on secrecy, its supply chain disconnected at every stage of the manufacturing process, with brands and their producers often operating alone and fragmented – caught up in arrangements where invisibility defines the rules, leading to gross inefficiency, opaqueness and a system where human-rights violations and environmental abuses are hidden, and justified.
In fact the way the supply chain works as a perfect mirror of the culture that this industry thrives on: closed doors, elitism, imbalances of power, and exclusion of practically everyone bat the anointed view. This attributes are are manifested throughout, from the way fashion portrait itself in advertising and social media, to the way it treats its workers, from garment makers to student interns.
The fashion industry seconds exploitation and abusive behaviour; it is then embedded as part of its image and power rain supreme and even the smallest of hierarchies. Treating others as you wouldn’t wish to be treated yourself is a tantamount to a daily pastime, which is precisely why transparency is one of the most disruptive agents when it comes to moving forward, because the challenges just about everything this industry stands for.
Transparency brings visibility and accountability, and right now we need a fashion industry that better understand its own inner workings and respect the people who work in its value chain. What we need is a clear, interrupted line of vision from the product’s origin to its disposal, to foster dignity, empowerment and justice for the people who make our clothes, and to protect the environment we all share.
p.206 – Mapping and Publishing / Supply Chain Tiers 1,2 and 3 – In practical terms, transparency is only the first step towards a responsible industry, because transparency is, in its self, no guarantee of best practice – it is merely a form of mapping after all, as in many cases it raises more questions than it answers – but it does provide us with comparable information and, above all, it forces brands to become accountable for their actions. Crucially, it also facilitates the work of unions, NGOs and human rights organisations on the ground, as well as encouraging citizens to be vigilant, to keep asking questions and to verify whether they actually trust the answers they are given.
As the fashion industry touch with any other industries, starting with agriculture all the way to communication, its value chain is not vertical, or easy to locate. Add to this the global routes that have come to define fashion manufacturing and you will see that any kind of accurate mapping is both complicated and expensive to put into place.
Simply speaking, the supply chain is divided into three tiers: the first one, and the easiest to locate and map, is where the products are manufactured, but it may also include labelling and packaging. The second tier as for Mills and read processing, fabrics are woven and/or dyed. The third tier is for raw materials, where cotton or sheep or farm, or the forest where the viscose is pulped from.
p.207 – Unauthorised subcontracting happens when the factory is overburdened with orders and passes some on to another factory, without alerting the client (the brand). Or it can happen because the brand has brought down the price of a product so now that the factory owner decides it can only pass it onto a cheaper factory, again without letting the brand know.
p.211 – The Cost of Opacity – The Clean Clothes Campaign, a global government-worker-rights NGO, and its UK partner, Labour Behind the Label, ultimately identified 29 global brands that had recent or current orders with at least one of the five garment factories in the Rana Plaza building. The list leaves almost no western consumer untouched (or unclothed). Yet only those very few brands that had some degree of supply-chain visibility were in a position to accept full responsibility, start the process of recovery and take immediate steps towards compensation; the majority of brands produced in the Rana Plaza complex had absolutely no idea that they had unknowingly been using the facility as a contractor.
p.218 – Culture Change – If it is true that fashion is an expression of who we are and of the culture we live in, then we need to respond to the profound moral questions that are defining this moment in time: pollution–driven climate heating, gender inequality, diversity and human rights.
Transparency isn’t simply a system of sharing data; it’s more than that – it is a start towards turning the industry inside out and upside down, a radical change in culture as well as practice. This whole industry thrives upon secrecy, and to open it wide for everyone to be a part of it, to encourage debate, criticism and positive activation, to put it citizens in a position to demand better into force brands to comply it’s not that the revolutionary.
It means diverting the focus from the product back to the people, and will ultimately help consumers to make choices that are based on values, not just Instagram visibility. It is about protecting the real people who make up the industry, and safeguarding their working and living environment, which will ultimately have a beneficial effect on us all. It’s about understanding how much, as consumers, we are prepared to compromise in order to own: are we really willing to keep ignoring deforestation, contamination and human exploitation?
Chapter 10 – All Together Now
p.224 – We have seen how the loss of our desire to make things last is having a negative effect on the planet. We know that we cannot keep buying cheap clothes just to throw them away; that we can no longer ignore the part we have to play.
We absolutely need to stop seeing our clothes as disposable. If only everyone knew how much time and energy goes into making them, we might slow down this unhealthy cycle of buying endlessly and, at times, needlessly. We have to find ways to break free from addiction, reverse the throwaway culture and discover new ways to shop and care for clothes.
Considering that the average lifespan of a modern – day piece of clothing is only 3.3 years, learning how to make and mend, or supporting those who do, it’s a brilliant investment – it will only take your time: your time to repair, recycle, repurposed, reinvent, reclaim, rescue and rewear. Far from being a part of the problem, we can all, enthusiastically and creatively, become a part of the solution.
You might know more than you did before. And perhaps, as a result of reading this book, you would choose to take up some of my suggestions and put them into practice; hopefully, I have woken up the inner activist in at least some of you. Small actions undertaken by individuals, if multiplied by millions, can become a powerful tool for action. Sure, the biggest onus – the real responsibility for actual change - lives with higher powers, such as brands, corporations