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Crux, Mors, Inferi: A Primer and Reader on Christ's Descent
Where was Christ's soul between his death and resurrection? Was it in heaven? Did it descend to the dead? This book answers that question, in two parts. The first half of the book is dedicated to exegesis, looking at what the Scriptures tell us about this important issue. The second half of the book is dedicated to historical sources relating to the doctrine of the descent in Protestant Churches in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
- GenresTheology
232 pages, Kindle Edition
Published March 15, 2021
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April 2, 2024
"...he descended to hades..." - the Apostles Creed
"Virgo, partus, et corpus, postque crux, mors, inferi, salus nostra est."
"The Virgin, birth, and body, then the cross, death and the underworld, are our salvation" - Hilary of Poitier
Despite its presence in the Apostles Creed and its affirmation by many early church fathers; the idea that Jesus descended to the underworld or hades, is severely neglected, most modern evangelicals have likely never given it serious thought.
Frequently this doctrine of "the local descent of Christ" is dismissed out of hand as a Roman Catholic heresy or as a denial of penal substitution - charges that Samuel Renihan argues are based on a serious misunderstanding of it.
What is this doctrine?
- that following his death on the cross Christ descended to Hades
- he did this according to his human soul that is "locally" not by virtue of his divine omnipresence
- he did not go there to suffer - his suffering was finished on the cross
- he went down to announce his victory and demonstrate his triumph over satan and the powers of hell
- he liberated captives - those in Abraham's Bosom who had not yet ascended to heaven he freed to go there
What is this book?
This book has two parts, the first part presents an exegetical case for this doctrine. The second surveys historical writings on this topic, showing that it is not a novelty but also showing how it was debated and ultimately neglected in the reformed tradition.
The first part is a fairly accessible read, though certainly not simple. The second part is a bit harder going as it contains many lengthy quotes from much older writers, the first part could be profitably read on its own by a wider audience for a positive introduction to the doctrine whilst part 2 is perhaps more suited to the theologian or historian.
Part 1: the exegetical case
Drawing on texts through the old and new testaments on the nature of the afterlife, prophecies about the work of the messiah, and finally reports by the apostles on the work of Christ; Renihan argues persuasively that this doctrine is the consistent teaching of the Bible.
Passages looked at are drawn from the full range of scripture 43 of the 66 books of the bible are cited including some of each genre (torah, history, wisdom, prophets, gospels, epistles and revelation), the case is not that this is an occasional idea but that it is the consistent teaching of the scriptures; a couple of particularly key passages are the following:
- Zechariah 9:9-12
- Psalm 49:14-15
- 1 Peter 3:18-20
- Ephesians 4:9-10
- Acts 2:22-27
Having made the argument Samuel Renihan also shows how it can help increase our devotion to Christ and empower our worship - Christ has gone into Hades so that we will never have to, he has announced the defeat of death and satan and publicaly triumphed over them an humiliated them.
The case is compelling, though it could perhaps be slightly tighter in a couple of places:
- the apocryphal book 1st Enoch is used to show background in the usage of words and concepts - the usage is fitting though to some readers it may appear that Renihan is treating Enoch as scripture (a point I don't think he intends)
- the idea that prior to their liberation by Christ in his descent, the godly dead slept in Abraham's Bosom (a room in Hades, not unpleasant but nonetheless separate from the immediate presence of God), has to deal with the counter examples of Enoch and Elijah - this is noted in a footnote but could perhaps be handled at more length
Part 2: historical theology
Renihan shows that this doctrine or a form of it was held by many throughout church history. However it fell into neglect due to the extensive influence of Calvin and Beza both of whom explicitly rejected it.
Owing to the influence of Beza, the marginal notes of the widely popular 16th century Geneva Bible denied this doctrine.
Despite this strong opposition by Calvin and Beza - and many others following in their footsteps it was taught as true by various others, Renihan reproduces extensive work in support of the doctrine by Thomas Bilson, Bishop of Worcester 1596-1697 who oversaw the final edit of the KJV. Bilson had also collected excerpts from other writers in support of the doctrine - Renihan has tracked down the original sources for most of these and includes lengthy excerpts, some key names here are:
Peter Martyr Vermigli, Girolamo Zanchius, Wolfgang Musculus and Martin Luther.
Following these Renihan has located further supporting quotes some supporting the doctrine as he has presented it and some a slightly different form of it. Notable amongst these is Heinrich Bullinger.
Also included as an appendix are two letters from Augustine where a version of this doctrine is presented though with many of the specifics being less certain than other writers made them - the liberation of old testament saints from Abraham's Bosom and leading of them to heaven by Christ is seen by Augustine as a thing uncertain.
Conclusion
This is an area of doctrine I've barely thought about before, so I am cautious to rush to a conclusion, after all "the first to make his case seems right, until another comes and examines him" Proverbs 18:17.
I have previously read and appreciated Calvin's alternative position that Christ's decent into hell in the apostles creed is best understood as describing his suffering on the cross; and yet Renihan's presentation is compelling and (contrary to Calvin's assertion) does not appear to contradict the perfection of Jesus' work on the cross.
It is with some hesitance that I'd disagree with Calvin on a point like this and yet Renihan's case, his handling scripture and the earlier writers he cites are highly persuasive.
I would however be very interested to see a critique of this work by someone who disagrees, as the critiques I have previously seen of this doctrine drawn from Calvin have aimed at perversions of it not the thing itself.
Nonetheless this book excited me to love Christ more and proclaim the wonder of the gospel more boldly. I would give it a 4.5/5 if I could for the couple of weaknesses I've noted above but it's a cut above other books I've rated 4/5 so I've rounded up not down.
"Virgo, partus, et corpus, postque crux, mors, inferi, salus nostra est."
"The Virgin, birth, and body, then the cross, death and the underworld, are our salvation" - Hilary of Poitier
Despite its presence in the Apostles Creed and its affirmation by many early church fathers; the idea that Jesus descended to the underworld or hades, is severely neglected, most modern evangelicals have likely never given it serious thought.
Frequently this doctrine of "the local descent of Christ" is dismissed out of hand as a Roman Catholic heresy or as a denial of penal substitution - charges that Samuel Renihan argues are based on a serious misunderstanding of it.
What is this doctrine?
- that following his death on the cross Christ descended to Hades
- he did this according to his human soul that is "locally" not by virtue of his divine omnipresence
- he did not go there to suffer - his suffering was finished on the cross
- he went down to announce his victory and demonstrate his triumph over satan and the powers of hell
- he liberated captives - those in Abraham's Bosom who had not yet ascended to heaven he freed to go there
What is this book?
This book has two parts, the first part presents an exegetical case for this doctrine. The second surveys historical writings on this topic, showing that it is not a novelty but also showing how it was debated and ultimately neglected in the reformed tradition.
The first part is a fairly accessible read, though certainly not simple. The second part is a bit harder going as it contains many lengthy quotes from much older writers, the first part could be profitably read on its own by a wider audience for a positive introduction to the doctrine whilst part 2 is perhaps more suited to the theologian or historian.
Part 1: the exegetical case
Drawing on texts through the old and new testaments on the nature of the afterlife, prophecies about the work of the messiah, and finally reports by the apostles on the work of Christ; Renihan argues persuasively that this doctrine is the consistent teaching of the Bible.
Passages looked at are drawn from the full range of scripture 43 of the 66 books of the bible are cited including some of each genre (torah, history, wisdom, prophets, gospels, epistles and revelation), the case is not that this is an occasional idea but that it is the consistent teaching of the scriptures; a couple of particularly key passages are the following:
- Zechariah 9:9-12
- Psalm 49:14-15
- 1 Peter 3:18-20
- Ephesians 4:9-10
- Acts 2:22-27
Having made the argument Samuel Renihan also shows how it can help increase our devotion to Christ and empower our worship - Christ has gone into Hades so that we will never have to, he has announced the defeat of death and satan and publicaly triumphed over them an humiliated them.
The case is compelling, though it could perhaps be slightly tighter in a couple of places:
- the apocryphal book 1st Enoch is used to show background in the usage of words and concepts - the usage is fitting though to some readers it may appear that Renihan is treating Enoch as scripture (a point I don't think he intends)
- the idea that prior to their liberation by Christ in his descent, the godly dead slept in Abraham's Bosom (a room in Hades, not unpleasant but nonetheless separate from the immediate presence of God), has to deal with the counter examples of Enoch and Elijah - this is noted in a footnote but could perhaps be handled at more length
Part 2: historical theology
Renihan shows that this doctrine or a form of it was held by many throughout church history. However it fell into neglect due to the extensive influence of Calvin and Beza both of whom explicitly rejected it.
Owing to the influence of Beza, the marginal notes of the widely popular 16th century Geneva Bible denied this doctrine.
Despite this strong opposition by Calvin and Beza - and many others following in their footsteps it was taught as true by various others, Renihan reproduces extensive work in support of the doctrine by Thomas Bilson, Bishop of Worcester 1596-1697 who oversaw the final edit of the KJV. Bilson had also collected excerpts from other writers in support of the doctrine - Renihan has tracked down the original sources for most of these and includes lengthy excerpts, some key names here are:
Peter Martyr Vermigli, Girolamo Zanchius, Wolfgang Musculus and Martin Luther.
Following these Renihan has located further supporting quotes some supporting the doctrine as he has presented it and some a slightly different form of it. Notable amongst these is Heinrich Bullinger.
Also included as an appendix are two letters from Augustine where a version of this doctrine is presented though with many of the specifics being less certain than other writers made them - the liberation of old testament saints from Abraham's Bosom and leading of them to heaven by Christ is seen by Augustine as a thing uncertain.
Conclusion
This is an area of doctrine I've barely thought about before, so I am cautious to rush to a conclusion, after all "the first to make his case seems right, until another comes and examines him" Proverbs 18:17.
I have previously read and appreciated Calvin's alternative position that Christ's decent into hell in the apostles creed is best understood as describing his suffering on the cross; and yet Renihan's presentation is compelling and (contrary to Calvin's assertion) does not appear to contradict the perfection of Jesus' work on the cross.
It is with some hesitance that I'd disagree with Calvin on a point like this and yet Renihan's case, his handling scripture and the earlier writers he cites are highly persuasive.
I would however be very interested to see a critique of this work by someone who disagrees, as the critiques I have previously seen of this doctrine drawn from Calvin have aimed at perversions of it not the thing itself.
Nonetheless this book excited me to love Christ more and proclaim the wonder of the gospel more boldly. I would give it a 4.5/5 if I could for the couple of weaknesses I've noted above but it's a cut above other books I've rated 4/5 so I've rounded up not down.
April 30, 2023
Outstanding.
May 18, 2021
This the third book I've read on this topic in four years. It also has the advantage of being the most accessible and least academic in nature (this is no knock against Justin Bass or Matthew Emerson--Emerson himself endorsed this book). The second half of the book is tough sledding, since it's largely extracts from 400-500 year old writers. But the first half should be your go-to for a good explanation of the doctrine of Christ's descent. As a fellow Reformed Baptist, Renihan has wrestled with the same kinds of questions I have, and his answers have reaffirmed many of mine and sharpened others. The book is self-published, so I hope it gets a wide exposure.
April 30, 2025
Unquestionably one of the most page turning books I’ve read in awhile.
Was it because this book was some thrilling Barnes & Noble novel?
Not quite; rather, this book expounded on a theme that I had only heard confusing whispers of in times past in my Christian life: the descent of Jesus into Hades (place of the dead)
The clause of the apostles’ creed, “he descend to the dead/hades/hell, etc”, has perplexed many believers throughout the ages. If Christ said it is finished on the cross, what was He doing til He resurrected on Easter Sunday? This book explores, in many in-depth and “labyrinthian” ways, what these passages of Scripture get at, as well as many others:
1 Peter 3:19
- he went and proclaimed to the spirits in prison
Ephesians 4:8-10
- “When he ascended on high he led a host of captives, and he gave gifts to men.” (In saying, “He ascended,” what does it mean but that he had also descended into the lower regions, the earth? He who descended is the one who also ascended far above all the heavens, that he might fill all things.)
Luke 23:42-43
- And he said, “Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom.” And he said to him, “Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in paradise.”
Acts 2:27
- For you will not abandon my soul to Hades,
or let your Holy One see corruption.
In short, this book is a theological feast that deserves to be read slowly and pondered repeatedly.
In Part 1: Renihan offers a thorough biblical case for understanding how the Bible presents the different created realms, how the OT understood the underworld and the afterlife, the descent of the Messiah in the OT that’s prophesied, the descent of Christ portrayed in the NT, as well as answering various objections
In Part 2: Renihan offers a treasure trove of historical theology of church fathers and reformation era theologians that expounded on and interpreted the descent in this way, as well as why it took a decline in popularity because of (otherwise wonderful theologians) men like John Calvin and Zacharias Ursinus
A riveting read that delves deeply into a topic that, maybe like me, you haven’t given much thought about, but when you do…it opens doors to how even more glorious Jesus’ work is than you already thought
Was it because this book was some thrilling Barnes & Noble novel?
Not quite; rather, this book expounded on a theme that I had only heard confusing whispers of in times past in my Christian life: the descent of Jesus into Hades (place of the dead)
The clause of the apostles’ creed, “he descend to the dead/hades/hell, etc”, has perplexed many believers throughout the ages. If Christ said it is finished on the cross, what was He doing til He resurrected on Easter Sunday? This book explores, in many in-depth and “labyrinthian” ways, what these passages of Scripture get at, as well as many others:
1 Peter 3:19
- he went and proclaimed to the spirits in prison
Ephesians 4:8-10
- “When he ascended on high he led a host of captives, and he gave gifts to men.” (In saying, “He ascended,” what does it mean but that he had also descended into the lower regions, the earth? He who descended is the one who also ascended far above all the heavens, that he might fill all things.)
Luke 23:42-43
- And he said, “Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom.” And he said to him, “Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in paradise.”
Acts 2:27
- For you will not abandon my soul to Hades,
or let your Holy One see corruption.
In short, this book is a theological feast that deserves to be read slowly and pondered repeatedly.
In Part 1: Renihan offers a thorough biblical case for understanding how the Bible presents the different created realms, how the OT understood the underworld and the afterlife, the descent of the Messiah in the OT that’s prophesied, the descent of Christ portrayed in the NT, as well as answering various objections
In Part 2: Renihan offers a treasure trove of historical theology of church fathers and reformation era theologians that expounded on and interpreted the descent in this way, as well as why it took a decline in popularity because of (otherwise wonderful theologians) men like John Calvin and Zacharias Ursinus
A riveting read that delves deeply into a topic that, maybe like me, you haven’t given much thought about, but when you do…it opens doors to how even more glorious Jesus’ work is than you already thought
March 24, 2021
In this work, Sam Renihan defends the older traditional view of the Apostle's Creed's statement that Christ "descended into hell". As Renihan notes from the beginning, this can be a labyrinth and requires much study, discernment, and moving through the subject with patience. The statement has brought much confusion, at minimum because of the various interpretations that have been held especially after the Reformation. And while there are some specific details that one may wonder at, Sam Renihan makes a strong case that Christ truly, really, and locally went to Hell yet He went there not as a sufferer but as the Victor and Conqueror against sin, death, and the Devil. While to a modern Protestant this idea may seem strange, Sam Renihan shows how this is not just the whims or superstitions of men, but there is a biblical basis for it and a rich one.
The work is split into 2 parts, the Exegetical and the Historical. The Exegetical portion helps to show the reader the biblical basis of this aspect of Salvation and Christ’s work. He first shows how Scripture presents the created realm in a tiered or hierarchal manner and that it is reflected in the physical realm and the spiritual realm. There is the heavens and earth physically, and there is the highest spiritual realm and the lowest spiritual realm. The second chapter focuses specifically on the lower spiritual realm, known by various names such as Sheol or Hades. Here, it is shown how Scripture presents this realm of the dead in a tiered fashion (Abraham’s Bosom for the believers of the OT, the place of the wicked men, and finally the abyss of the fallen angels) and how the New Testament reflects & gives greater detail to the theology of the afterlife that is found in the Old Testament. With these set forth, chapter 3-4 spend time on how the OT itself predicts the descent of the Messiah into hell and how the NT testifies to this reality and the many ways in which it is reflected in the language of the Apostle Paul & Peter. The last chapter of this section deals with some further arguments, objections that are often given against this view, and finally the applications of this teaching.
The Historical portion helps the reader understand why this teaching of the local descent lost its place among the Reformed men, showing how the influence of men such as Calvin, Beza, Perkins, Ussher, and Ames led many Reformed Christians to abandon the older view for various new ones (such as that the Apostle’s Creed meant to teach that Christ suffered God’s wrath on the Cross, that He simply was under the power of death [or in other words, that He was dead], or other similar views). It is argued that these new interpretations were deviations from the original intent of the Apostle’s Creed and that these views are innovations rather than holding to the catholic [universal] faith. Chapters 7-8 show how this was not simply accepted without a fight, but men such as Thomas Bilson, Peter Martyr Vermigli, Girolamo Zanchius, Martin Luther, and others held to the traditional understanding of the local descent of Christ into Hell. Chapter 9 closes off with some more larger quotations from various Reformed and Anglican theologians, showing again how there was debate amongst themselves about the proper interpretation of this teaching.
This is a work that is recommended to all to read. As this is a primer and reader, Sam Renihan doesn’t address all the possible objections, alternative interpretations of texts, or all of the Scripture that have been used to touch this subject, yet it is of great value and recommended to all. Even if you do not end up agreeing with Sam Renihan or at least question certain elements, what he proves is that this doctrine is not based on the schemes and imaginations of men but based ultimately in the teaching of Scripture. While I already had familiarity with the topic (having grown up exposed to the teaching), I can imagine this book at least starting off strange to some newcomers. This is not to dissuade new readers but rather to exhort them to be patient, search the Scriptures, and keep reading this. Another good point that this work does is showing how many of the Protestants did hold to the local descent of Christ, though at the same time there were some debates about certain elements (such as the place of Abraham’s Bosom). But regardless, as the reader goes through these authors, it will reinforce what Sam Renihan exposited from the Scriptural text. It is also good that Renihan first started with the Scriptural defense, as it can become quite complex if one were to jump right into the historical figures. What it also shows is that even our “heroes” of the Reformation at times held to views that one may not need to agree with, even as some of their fellow theologians or later pastors would do. Again, this shows us how we must always go back to the text of Scripture and be conversant with all of our various spiritual forefathers (the early Church fathers, the medieval theologians, the Reformers, etc.). This is a work that will lead the readers to doxology and seeing the great blessing of this doctrine (as shown in the end of Chapter 5).
This books how Christ’s local descent into hell is not one of humiliation & suffering, but it is of victory, power, and triumph over against all evils. Rather than being a source of confusion, the doctrine (when properly understood) gives even greater hope, greater faith, and greater love toward the great Messiah, Jesus Christ. The descent of Christ is the beginning of His exultation, destroying the gates of Hell, thwarting the Prince of Darkness, bringing His blessed saints to His Kingdom in Heaven, emptying death of its sting, and delivering hope to all believers. He came, He proclaimed, He conquered. He who was the Lamb sacrificed, came out as the victorious Lion of Judah. He left hell in ruins, a destroyed city and has established His heavenly city, full of glory and now saints await for the consummation of His kingdom so that eternal glory may reign forever. May our God fill all in all with His glory!
The work is split into 2 parts, the Exegetical and the Historical. The Exegetical portion helps to show the reader the biblical basis of this aspect of Salvation and Christ’s work. He first shows how Scripture presents the created realm in a tiered or hierarchal manner and that it is reflected in the physical realm and the spiritual realm. There is the heavens and earth physically, and there is the highest spiritual realm and the lowest spiritual realm. The second chapter focuses specifically on the lower spiritual realm, known by various names such as Sheol or Hades. Here, it is shown how Scripture presents this realm of the dead in a tiered fashion (Abraham’s Bosom for the believers of the OT, the place of the wicked men, and finally the abyss of the fallen angels) and how the New Testament reflects & gives greater detail to the theology of the afterlife that is found in the Old Testament. With these set forth, chapter 3-4 spend time on how the OT itself predicts the descent of the Messiah into hell and how the NT testifies to this reality and the many ways in which it is reflected in the language of the Apostle Paul & Peter. The last chapter of this section deals with some further arguments, objections that are often given against this view, and finally the applications of this teaching.
The Historical portion helps the reader understand why this teaching of the local descent lost its place among the Reformed men, showing how the influence of men such as Calvin, Beza, Perkins, Ussher, and Ames led many Reformed Christians to abandon the older view for various new ones (such as that the Apostle’s Creed meant to teach that Christ suffered God’s wrath on the Cross, that He simply was under the power of death [or in other words, that He was dead], or other similar views). It is argued that these new interpretations were deviations from the original intent of the Apostle’s Creed and that these views are innovations rather than holding to the catholic [universal] faith. Chapters 7-8 show how this was not simply accepted without a fight, but men such as Thomas Bilson, Peter Martyr Vermigli, Girolamo Zanchius, Martin Luther, and others held to the traditional understanding of the local descent of Christ into Hell. Chapter 9 closes off with some more larger quotations from various Reformed and Anglican theologians, showing again how there was debate amongst themselves about the proper interpretation of this teaching.
This is a work that is recommended to all to read. As this is a primer and reader, Sam Renihan doesn’t address all the possible objections, alternative interpretations of texts, or all of the Scripture that have been used to touch this subject, yet it is of great value and recommended to all. Even if you do not end up agreeing with Sam Renihan or at least question certain elements, what he proves is that this doctrine is not based on the schemes and imaginations of men but based ultimately in the teaching of Scripture. While I already had familiarity with the topic (having grown up exposed to the teaching), I can imagine this book at least starting off strange to some newcomers. This is not to dissuade new readers but rather to exhort them to be patient, search the Scriptures, and keep reading this. Another good point that this work does is showing how many of the Protestants did hold to the local descent of Christ, though at the same time there were some debates about certain elements (such as the place of Abraham’s Bosom). But regardless, as the reader goes through these authors, it will reinforce what Sam Renihan exposited from the Scriptural text. It is also good that Renihan first started with the Scriptural defense, as it can become quite complex if one were to jump right into the historical figures. What it also shows is that even our “heroes” of the Reformation at times held to views that one may not need to agree with, even as some of their fellow theologians or later pastors would do. Again, this shows us how we must always go back to the text of Scripture and be conversant with all of our various spiritual forefathers (the early Church fathers, the medieval theologians, the Reformers, etc.). This is a work that will lead the readers to doxology and seeing the great blessing of this doctrine (as shown in the end of Chapter 5).
This books how Christ’s local descent into hell is not one of humiliation & suffering, but it is of victory, power, and triumph over against all evils. Rather than being a source of confusion, the doctrine (when properly understood) gives even greater hope, greater faith, and greater love toward the great Messiah, Jesus Christ. The descent of Christ is the beginning of His exultation, destroying the gates of Hell, thwarting the Prince of Darkness, bringing His blessed saints to His Kingdom in Heaven, emptying death of its sting, and delivering hope to all believers. He came, He proclaimed, He conquered. He who was the Lamb sacrificed, came out as the victorious Lion of Judah. He left hell in ruins, a destroyed city and has established His heavenly city, full of glory and now saints await for the consummation of His kingdom so that eternal glory may reign forever. May our God fill all in all with His glory!
January 20, 2022
My expectations for this work were low, I'll admit, but even if I had gone in with high hopes, I believe they still would've been exceeded.
Sam, in the same style of Barcellos (on other topics) begins his case with robust exegesis; utilizing language studies, intertextuality, and basic theological interpretation. He then proceeds to make his case with significant historical theology which demonstrates two things: 1) We [the Church] have a massive corpus of work not translated into English that would greatly serve to our benefit. 2) It's a bit arrogant to assume, in our ignorance of these works, that we're "on the right side" of this debate in rejecting the doctrine of Christ's local descent.
Being a fellow Confessional Baptist, I sympathize with Sam about our own tradition's weakness on this doctrine; seeming to have merely copy/pasted our understanding from others without due regard for our tradition as a whole and the arguments that were made preceeding the Reformation by the Fathers.
Sam, in the same style of Barcellos (on other topics) begins his case with robust exegesis; utilizing language studies, intertextuality, and basic theological interpretation. He then proceeds to make his case with significant historical theology which demonstrates two things: 1) We [the Church] have a massive corpus of work not translated into English that would greatly serve to our benefit. 2) It's a bit arrogant to assume, in our ignorance of these works, that we're "on the right side" of this debate in rejecting the doctrine of Christ's local descent.
Being a fellow Confessional Baptist, I sympathize with Sam about our own tradition's weakness on this doctrine; seeming to have merely copy/pasted our understanding from others without due regard for our tradition as a whole and the arguments that were made preceeding the Reformation by the Fathers.
May 23, 2021
Wonderful Biblical exegesis and historical analysis of this neglected doctrine.
September 12, 2025
I'm not in any way, shape, or form going to step into this theological conversation. I read this because my husband had recently read it, and I wanted to be able to engage in theological conversations with him. I also heard Sam talk about this on Theology in Particular, which piqued my interest. I don't know that this book made me change my position, but it did make me start asking what my position is and why. Do I have a position?
What this book did do for me was lead me to praise. It led me to praise Jesus Christ for all that he has done for me in my salvation. It truly did remove a bit of the fear and sting of death. This book lifted my eyes up and my heart up and filled me with adoration for my great Captain.
So, I don't know if this is a doctrine that Reformed Baptists will recover or continue to debate. Either way, I hope they do it with the heart that our forefathers did: great love and a desire for peace and unity.
What this book did do for me was lead me to praise. It led me to praise Jesus Christ for all that he has done for me in my salvation. It truly did remove a bit of the fear and sting of death. This book lifted my eyes up and my heart up and filled me with adoration for my great Captain.
So, I don't know if this is a doctrine that Reformed Baptists will recover or continue to debate. Either way, I hope they do it with the heart that our forefathers did: great love and a desire for peace and unity.
April 29, 2024
Highly recommend this book. I listened Renihan speak about this book on a podcast and was instantly intrigued. My husband then bought the book to prepare for a Sunday school class on the apostles creed and specifically the descent. I was able to listen to him sum up the book nicely and it paved the way for me to read this fairly easily. I feel it is accessible and well done. It gives much to chew on and think about and is worth the time.
February 3, 2024
This was a fantastic book. I rethought so many passages of Scripture as I read through it, and in the end I believe I have grown more orthodox and consistent in my eschatology. Highly recommend this book.
March 16, 2022
This is a great primer on the subject of the descent of Christ. It was not too academic either which was refreshing!
August 6, 2023
Very helpful -- and accessible -- read on this topic. I'd never read anything about this before and I came to it hoping that it would possibly shed more light on what actually happens to us after death (as modeled by Christ).
I appreciated how Dr. Renihan spent time at the beginning laying a groundwork of terms that we use when we talk about different realms and the afterlife. (First 50 pages)
He then addresses the descent as seen in the Old Testament before moving to a very specific walk through of the descent.
Chapter 5 is very helpful in strengthening arguments as well as addressing objections. He also spends the last half of this chapter pointing us to application and connecting the descent to the gospel.
This covers about 100 pages of Renihan's book.
The next 100 he spends tracing the church's historical attitude and approach toward the descent (historical theology). I honestly tried to get through this part and did not make it. This is my own shortcoming; I frankly got exhausted by it. That said, reading at least the first 100 pages is still very worthwhile for deepening your grasp of the descent.
I appreciated how Dr. Renihan spent time at the beginning laying a groundwork of terms that we use when we talk about different realms and the afterlife. (First 50 pages)
He then addresses the descent as seen in the Old Testament before moving to a very specific walk through of the descent.
Chapter 5 is very helpful in strengthening arguments as well as addressing objections. He also spends the last half of this chapter pointing us to application and connecting the descent to the gospel.
This covers about 100 pages of Renihan's book.
The next 100 he spends tracing the church's historical attitude and approach toward the descent (historical theology). I honestly tried to get through this part and did not make it. This is my own shortcoming; I frankly got exhausted by it. That said, reading at least the first 100 pages is still very worthwhile for deepening your grasp of the descent.
January 31, 2022
Could not recommend this book highly enough for those who love the Apostles’ Creed and may have questions on Christ’s descent. Our modern treatment of this doctrine, which largely neglects or rejects the historical position of his descent to hell, is challenged in this book, and the reader will appreciate the need to recover this doctrine.
March 24, 2021
As with Sam Renihan's other books, this one is clear and methodical as he carefully examines the biblical evidence. I highly recommend this work to all Christians even if they don't come to the same conclusions as the author does in the end.
April 27, 2021
Outstanding
June 25, 2025
Excellent book. Some slightly tedious historical documents in the latter half, which are used to bolster the thesis.
A couple great quotes from near the end:
“Jesus Christ was crucified and died.
His body was buried, and his soul descended to Sheol, not to languish but to liberate his resting saints, not to suffer but to subdue Satan, not to preach but to proclaim just victory over the spirits in prison.
In his resurrection and ascension, Jesus Christ carried his bride home to heaven, presenting himself as a sacrifice in the holy of holies not made with hands
Henceforth, Hades is a ruin of darkness and misery; heaven is a city of light and beatitude.”
And this amazing poem by Renihan at the conclusion:
He whose body was entombed, went down, in soul, below,
To free us from our darkest doom, and make an open show
Of all the hosts in Hades’ well, and all the devil’s spawn,
That we might never have to dwell or fear where he has gone.
O Azazel, you wasteland haunt, what happened to your goat?
Why do you now no longer vaunt, or taunt, or flaunt, or gloat?
Perhaps it was a simple act, that left you thus confined.
Perhaps it is this simple fact, that eats and gnaws your mind,
That you yourself became the priest that slew the paschal Lamb,
And thus defeat and downfall came about by your own hand.
CRUX, MORS, INFERI, SALUS NOSTRA EST.
Our sins have been removed as far as east is from the west.
For he has paid our ransom-price; his death has set us free.
And in his resurrected life, we live eternally.
Let all in Heaven, Earth, and Hell who hear his holy name,
Incline the head and bow the knee; let every mouth proclaim,
“We now confess that Jesus Christ is Savior, King and Lord,
Worthy to be loved, and served, and honored, and adored!”
Demons, spirits, all who live, pay tribute and applaud!
Angels, saints, praise Jesus Christ! Praise him, the Son of God!
Amen.
A couple great quotes from near the end:
“Jesus Christ was crucified and died.
His body was buried, and his soul descended to Sheol, not to languish but to liberate his resting saints, not to suffer but to subdue Satan, not to preach but to proclaim just victory over the spirits in prison.
In his resurrection and ascension, Jesus Christ carried his bride home to heaven, presenting himself as a sacrifice in the holy of holies not made with hands
Henceforth, Hades is a ruin of darkness and misery; heaven is a city of light and beatitude.”
And this amazing poem by Renihan at the conclusion:
He whose body was entombed, went down, in soul, below,
To free us from our darkest doom, and make an open show
Of all the hosts in Hades’ well, and all the devil’s spawn,
That we might never have to dwell or fear where he has gone.
O Azazel, you wasteland haunt, what happened to your goat?
Why do you now no longer vaunt, or taunt, or flaunt, or gloat?
Perhaps it was a simple act, that left you thus confined.
Perhaps it is this simple fact, that eats and gnaws your mind,
That you yourself became the priest that slew the paschal Lamb,
And thus defeat and downfall came about by your own hand.
CRUX, MORS, INFERI, SALUS NOSTRA EST.
Our sins have been removed as far as east is from the west.
For he has paid our ransom-price; his death has set us free.
And in his resurrected life, we live eternally.
Let all in Heaven, Earth, and Hell who hear his holy name,
Incline the head and bow the knee; let every mouth proclaim,
“We now confess that Jesus Christ is Savior, King and Lord,
Worthy to be loved, and served, and honored, and adored!”
Demons, spirits, all who live, pay tribute and applaud!
Angels, saints, praise Jesus Christ! Praise him, the Son of God!
Amen.
May 13, 2025
4.5 Stars.
Crux, Mors, Inferi by Samuel Renihan is a rare gem—profound, historically grounded, and theologically weighty. In this short but densely packed volume, Renihan explores the doctrine of Christ’s descent into hell with pastoral sensitivity and scholarly depth, bringing clarity to a topic often overlooked or misunderstood.
The first portion is especially compelling, as Renihan carefully builds the biblical and confessional foundation for understanding the descent not as speculation, but as a necessary and comforting truth of Christ’s suffering in the place of sinners. His writing is accessible yet reverent, never losing sight of the devotional power behind the doctrine.
The second part, which deals more closely with historical sources and theological development, is a bit heavier sledding. It delves deeper into the nuances of Reformed confessional history and technical distinctions, which may slow the pace for some readers unfamiliar with the historical debates. That said, it’s still immensely rewarding for those who stay the course.
Read this in conjunction with Justin Bass’s The Battle for the Keys and Matthew Emerson’s “He Descended to the Dead”, and you’ll walk away with a full-orbed, deeply satisfying understanding of this vital doctrine. Each author brings a unique and complementary perspective, and together they offer a rich tapestry of biblical, historical, and theological insight.
Highly recommended—for pastors, theologians, and serious students of Scripture alike.
Crux, Mors, Inferi by Samuel Renihan is a rare gem—profound, historically grounded, and theologically weighty. In this short but densely packed volume, Renihan explores the doctrine of Christ’s descent into hell with pastoral sensitivity and scholarly depth, bringing clarity to a topic often overlooked or misunderstood.
The first portion is especially compelling, as Renihan carefully builds the biblical and confessional foundation for understanding the descent not as speculation, but as a necessary and comforting truth of Christ’s suffering in the place of sinners. His writing is accessible yet reverent, never losing sight of the devotional power behind the doctrine.
The second part, which deals more closely with historical sources and theological development, is a bit heavier sledding. It delves deeper into the nuances of Reformed confessional history and technical distinctions, which may slow the pace for some readers unfamiliar with the historical debates. That said, it’s still immensely rewarding for those who stay the course.
Read this in conjunction with Justin Bass’s The Battle for the Keys and Matthew Emerson’s “He Descended to the Dead”, and you’ll walk away with a full-orbed, deeply satisfying understanding of this vital doctrine. Each author brings a unique and complementary perspective, and together they offer a rich tapestry of biblical, historical, and theological insight.
Highly recommended—for pastors, theologians, and serious students of Scripture alike.
November 27, 2021
Amazing. One of the most significant book I read this year. I was reproof by the not preeminence of the doctrine of descent in my gospel proclamation and personal piety. This doctrine is heartbreaking and soul-lifting. What a great Saviour we have in Jesus the Christ.
Contrary to what the author claimed at the beginning, the book isn’t hard to read and it is really devotional.
Half of the book is the author’s exegesis of the doctrine in the Bible. Even if you only read this part, it worth it.
The other half of the book is historical theology.
Here is a sample of the conclusion in which the author wrote a short résumé:
« The realms of creation consist of heaven, earth, and Sheol beneath the earth. The souls of the dead descended to Sheol, separated into the righteous at rest in Abraham’s Bosom, and the wicked in torment in Hades. Jesus Christ was crucified and died. His body was buried, and his soul descended to Sheol, not to languish but to liberate his resting saints, not to suffer but to subdue Satan, not to preach but to proclaim just victory over the spirits in prison. In his resurrection and ascension Jesus Christ carried his bride home to heaven, presenting himself as a sacrifice in the holy of holies not made with hands. Henceforth, Hades is a ruin of darkness and misery; heaven is a city of light and beatitude. » (p.207 in kindle)
Contrary to what the author claimed at the beginning, the book isn’t hard to read and it is really devotional.
Half of the book is the author’s exegesis of the doctrine in the Bible. Even if you only read this part, it worth it.
The other half of the book is historical theology.
Here is a sample of the conclusion in which the author wrote a short résumé:
« The realms of creation consist of heaven, earth, and Sheol beneath the earth. The souls of the dead descended to Sheol, separated into the righteous at rest in Abraham’s Bosom, and the wicked in torment in Hades. Jesus Christ was crucified and died. His body was buried, and his soul descended to Sheol, not to languish but to liberate his resting saints, not to suffer but to subdue Satan, not to preach but to proclaim just victory over the spirits in prison. In his resurrection and ascension Jesus Christ carried his bride home to heaven, presenting himself as a sacrifice in the holy of holies not made with hands. Henceforth, Hades is a ruin of darkness and misery; heaven is a city of light and beatitude. » (p.207 in kindle)
July 7, 2025
“He descended into Hades”
Drawing from vast selections of historical and biblical sources, Renihan weaves a highly compelling argument. He argues for a “compartmentalized” Hades, where the souls of the righteous rest in Abraham’s bosom while the unrighteous receive the lot of God’s fury. I’m not well read on Calvin’s opposing view so I can’t definitively say I hold to this position, but it’s very compelling.
Typologically speaking, this primer has much to offer. Jonah is described as a Christological figure, not merely in his 3 day “burial”, rather dwelling in the belly of “Sheol”(whale) in the heart of the seas: “What Jonah experienced figuratively, being taken down to the belly of Sheol, Jesus experienced literally, descending to Sheol itself. And as Jonah emerged alive from the fish after three days, so Jesus will emerge in resurrection from Sheol.”(Renihan, 65)
Dr. Renihan gives a thorough overview of the decline of belief in a literal descent in Reformed theology. I’m inclined to think this is an overreaction to Roman Catholicism, specifically the Harrowing of Hell. The historic reformed church has confessed the limbus patrum, but in practice, redefined it. Antiquity, not novelty, should form our theology.
3.5 stars. Many ‘aha’ moments in these pages, which I consider to be a win.
Thanks to my father for recommending this book(and letting me snag his copy ;-)
Drawing from vast selections of historical and biblical sources, Renihan weaves a highly compelling argument. He argues for a “compartmentalized” Hades, where the souls of the righteous rest in Abraham’s bosom while the unrighteous receive the lot of God’s fury. I’m not well read on Calvin’s opposing view so I can’t definitively say I hold to this position, but it’s very compelling.
Typologically speaking, this primer has much to offer. Jonah is described as a Christological figure, not merely in his 3 day “burial”, rather dwelling in the belly of “Sheol”(whale) in the heart of the seas: “What Jonah experienced figuratively, being taken down to the belly of Sheol, Jesus experienced literally, descending to Sheol itself. And as Jonah emerged alive from the fish after three days, so Jesus will emerge in resurrection from Sheol.”(Renihan, 65)
Dr. Renihan gives a thorough overview of the decline of belief in a literal descent in Reformed theology. I’m inclined to think this is an overreaction to Roman Catholicism, specifically the Harrowing of Hell. The historic reformed church has confessed the limbus patrum, but in practice, redefined it. Antiquity, not novelty, should form our theology.
3.5 stars. Many ‘aha’ moments in these pages, which I consider to be a win.
Thanks to my father for recommending this book(and letting me snag his copy ;-)
July 26, 2022
I grew up in a denomination where we recited the Apostle’s Creed every Sunday. There was a line in that creed that I never truly understood:
…He suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.
He descended to the dead.
On the third day he rose again….
What did it mean to say Jesus descended to the dead? There are other translations that render the phrase that he descended to hell. Did he descend to suffer even more torment after dying on the cross? A few years ago I was facilitating an evening class on church history and someone asked about this same phrase. I had no answer.
There have been efforts in both Reformed and mainstream evangelical groups to either strike this phrase from the creed completely or reinterpret it to the point of making it redundant from the rest of the creed. I wanted to understand why there has been so much controversy over a statement that has been around for more than a millenia within orthodox Christianity.
Crux, Mors, Inferi is focused on this one phrase. The book is divided into two sections - the first gives an expositional defense of this doctrine. It is a doctrine that has been confessed by the church since at least the 4th Century. Renihan makes a very compelling case for this doctrine. If convicted me at least.
The second half of the book consists of a historical and theological defense of this doctrine using excerpts from 17th Century theologians, particularly those of the Reformed tradition. I confess this part was less interesting to me currently since I know little of most of these historical figures. However I am glad to have this book in my library for future reference.
The first half of this book alone is with the time and money for this book. I am so thankful to have read it!
…He suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.
He descended to the dead.
On the third day he rose again….
What did it mean to say Jesus descended to the dead? There are other translations that render the phrase that he descended to hell. Did he descend to suffer even more torment after dying on the cross? A few years ago I was facilitating an evening class on church history and someone asked about this same phrase. I had no answer.
There have been efforts in both Reformed and mainstream evangelical groups to either strike this phrase from the creed completely or reinterpret it to the point of making it redundant from the rest of the creed. I wanted to understand why there has been so much controversy over a statement that has been around for more than a millenia within orthodox Christianity.
Crux, Mors, Inferi is focused on this one phrase. The book is divided into two sections - the first gives an expositional defense of this doctrine. It is a doctrine that has been confessed by the church since at least the 4th Century. Renihan makes a very compelling case for this doctrine. If convicted me at least.
The second half of the book consists of a historical and theological defense of this doctrine using excerpts from 17th Century theologians, particularly those of the Reformed tradition. I confess this part was less interesting to me currently since I know little of most of these historical figures. However I am glad to have this book in my library for future reference.
The first half of this book alone is with the time and money for this book. I am so thankful to have read it!
March 22, 2023
I purchased this book with a firm presupposition that Christ did not descend into Hell in the ways expressed in the doctrines of the early Church, and openly profess that it is the one statement in the Apostles Creed that I have a hard time making. With that said I did find the book informative and clearly helps to see the different views of Christ's decent as taught by the early Church Fathers. There is very little in the way of proving the statement with Scriptural support although the author cites many historical narratives and Apocryphal references. It is said that when the Scriptures are silent on a matter then we should be too. I believe that statement is very applicable to this topic.I do not think that this debate was in any way settled or proven by this book, although many will agree with the authors perspective. The details of Christ's decent are a secondary issue and not worth arguing over, but this in my opinion was not much of an argument. I remain unconvinced.
October 5, 2023
Outstanding. Few books have changed my mind so thoroughly on a topic. The descent clause of the Apostles' Creed previously seemed cloudy and speculative to me, hinting more of Romanist accretion than biblical truth. Dr. Renihan, understanding this common perspective, patiently leads the reader through an astonishing amount of biblical data and actually clears up a lot of passages with which I previously found difficulty. This is a comforting and assuring doctrine, worthy of further meditation, especially because it elevates our understanding of the victory of Jesus Christ and softens our fear of death. For us and for our salvation, Christ went to the lower parts of the earth to burst the bars of upper Sheol; declare victory over sin, death, and the Devil; and to bind the evil one. That's the main message of this book, and I hope more will read it and be edified.
December 16, 2023
While i can not fault the scholarship evident in this book I was personally left unconvinced. The topic is the belief in Jesus descent into Hades or hell after his crucifixion (the crux). Specifically, what was the purpose of the descent and why is it believed? Where was Jesus soul for three days? The questions are good ones, and his arguments use bible texts, tradition, and interpretation to support the necessity of Jesus descending into Hades. It is topic of much debate, and some churches tend to ignore it. Renihan faces it head on. .
December 26, 2021
This was a wonderful book that helped me to learn more about our triumphant savior. This book explains the doctrine that Christ descended into hell, as it is written in the apostle’s creed. The first half of the book lays out where in scripture we draw this idea. And the second half shows that this doctrine is not a new idea but rather one which has historically backing. Definitely recommended to anyone wanting to know more about what happened during the time Jesus’s body lay in the grave.
January 9, 2022
I once was blind, but now I see! I was one of those Calvinists who denied the actual personal descent of Christ's human soul into the realm of the dead (Hades) for the longest time. I thought this was just a bunch of Roman Catholic hooey. But now I know better, and this book was a serious wake-up call for me to affirm the descent of the Christ into Hell just as much as I like to affirm and proclaim the ascent of the Christ into heaven. Really good book!
June 14, 2025
This book was very underwhelming and could’ve probably been 50 pages max. It over explained things that did not need to be explained. I do believe in Christ’s descent into hell, but I don’t really think this book made a great case for it.
May 5, 2022
A really great primer on the topic of Christ’s descent and how the Reformed tradition took a sharp left turn away from the early church.
August 5, 2023
One of the most important theology books I've ever read, and so important to what I believe. I will revisit this one over the years many times, I'm sure.
May 9, 2024
Excellent. I’m convinced by the author’s exegesis and historical theology research. Praise the Lord for Christ who conquered sin, death, and hell for my salvation!
April 20, 2025
Excellent handbook on Christ’s descent.
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