Global climate change is like a fully loaded freight train barreling down the tracks with so much momentum it is difficult to slow or stop. Pick up a copy of Stephen Pyne’s The Pyrocene, hop aboard, and get ready for a terrifying fever dream of a ride.
The Pyrocene is an extended essay in five sections bracketed by a prologue and an epilogue. In it, Pyne argues persuasively that the geologic period that began at the end of the Wisconsin continental glaciation, the epoch that the International Commission on Stratigraphy dubbed the Holocene, is not merely another interglacial soon to be ended by a new glacial advance. Instead, the activities of primates in the genus Homo that emerged concurrent with the retreat of the continental glaciers fundamentally altered the biosphere and swamped any of the natural cycles that might have been trending toward global cooling. This human-dominated geologic epoch has been called the Anthropocene. However, because all human endeavors are mediated by fire, it could just as accurately be called the Pyrocene.
Pyne, Professor Emeritus at Arizona State University, fire ecologist, and author of many books on the history and management of fire, has written what feels like a compilation and culmination of his life’s work and his best thinking about humanity’s relationship with fire. He is deliberately provocative, but with the best of intentions: shaking his readers out of complacency.
Life arose in the oceans, where algae generated oxygen as a toxic by-product of photosynthesis. As oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere, a layer of ozone developed in the stratosphere that reduced the impact of solar radiation, eventually allowing organisms to evolve that could colonize land. The resulting volatile combination of accumulating biomass on land and oxygen in the atmosphere generated naturally occurring fires sparked by lightning, volcanic eruptions and rockfalls; the “fire planet” was off and running. Pyne calls this First-Fire—the only fire on Earth until humans evolved.
As humans (what Pyne calls variously hominins or sapiens) emerged and gradually recognized fire’s value for cooking, managing vegetation, hunting, and colonizing colder regions, they embraced the tool. They changed the nature of fire on Earth and fire, in turn, shaped hominin evolution. Fire applied intentionally and deliberately for human-motivated outcomes is Second-Fire. In some respects, hominins and their fires simply folded into the endless, complex processes that had shaped how natural fires affected the landscape. With the introduction of Second-Fire, burning became more widespread and frequent, but it was still dependent on accumulated biomass and its effects were limited by the amount of flammable material available.
At the end of the 18th century, however, Earth convulsed with what Pyne calls the Pyric Transition, when people recognized that fire could be harnessed by machines. Machines expanded human power exponentially. At first, engines were fueled by wood, but ready supplies of wood were soon exhausted. Almost overnight, people recognized that fossilized biomass could be substituted. Taking fuels out of the geologic past, burning them in the present, and releasing their by-products into the geologic future became fire’s narrative arc and one of the great markers in Earth’s history. How the two realms of fire—the Second-Fire of the living landscape and the Third-Fire wholly dependent on the lithic landscape—interact in the present is the Pyric Transition. This transition is the genesis of the Pyrocene and the focus of the majority of the book.
The fifth section of the essay entitled “The Pyrocene” summarizes four strategies and practices that humans can adopt to live with fire. This section is not exactly optimistic, but it does present some realistic and pragmatic scenarios for a future in which the Earth will be warmer and fires will become more frequent and intense.
Pyne’s writing is erudite and exhilarating, but he occasionally stumbles when he coins terminology and stretches metaphors to their breaking point. For example, on page 29 he states, “Social elites decided that fire had to be deconstructed, put into appliances, or as coal became a dominant fuel, sublimated into steam.” Burning coal is not sublimation—but the image Pyne conjures is powerful if not altogether accurate. In addition, Pyne sometimes repeats himself in close succession. He does not repeat himself frequently enough to be irritating, but the stutters are noticeable.
In a digression that doesn’t much advance his argument, Pyne devotes six pages in the second section of the essay to exploring how the Pleistocene got its name. While a bit of a tangent, this historical aside is fascinating nonetheless.
The text is illustrated with eight black-and-while photographs grouped together between the fourth and fifth sections of the essay. End matter includes an author’s note, notes to references in each section, a bibliographic essay, and an index.
The book is short (150 pages of text) and the format is small (8 x 5 inches), so this is a quick read. What propels it along at an even faster pace, though, are Pyne’s compelling arguments and his forceful prose that washes over and overwhelms the reader like an irresistible tsunami. This book may completely reframe readers’ perspectives of fire on Earth in all its myriad manifestations.