Emil Ludwig is a person who will confuse many readers who believe that they are familiar with history. He was born in what we now call Poland, but he was a German. He changed his name from "Cohn," but sources do not claim he was Jewish. What this book will bring out most, however, is that he had a profound respect for Mussolini as a leader, but he hated Nazism. Could he be a Fascist and anti-Nazi? Possibly, but he even appears unconvinced by Fascism as a system, he simply finds Mussolini, the Duce to be a great man of the 20th century.
It is important, of course, to understand when this book was written. The interviews were taken in 1929, a time when Fascism had ruled Italy for seven years, and Nazism was a virtually powerless minor party in Germany. By the time it was published, 1932, Hitler's star had begun to rise, but Mussolini was still the elder statesman. To that time, the Italian Fascists had focused primarily on domestic policy and putting their own house in order, not military adventurism (as they would in Ethiopia in 1936), nor on supporting budding Fascist movements in other countries (as both Germany and Italy would in Spain, also in 1936). Certainly there was repression of opinion in Italy, and especially persecution of Communism and anarchism, but many intellectuals felt that this might be necessary or even desirable at the time. Certainly Fascist Italy never indulged large-scale domestic racial or religious violence, as the Nazis were encouraging in Germany even before they came to power. Ludwig's feelings, which seem so alien and short-sighted to us today, were not really so out of place at the time.
What makes this book worth reading, then, is to gain some historical perspective on how a man history mostly regards as a fool could seem to be an inspiration to intelligent people, how the movement of Fascism appealed to contemporaries, and how people then perceived the differences between it and Nazism. It is also interesting to read an account of the many signs of "progress" Fascism brought to Italy, the many reforms and programs that were implemented to improve conditions, and the efforts to unify a state that still functioned largely provincially. It is safe to say that Ludwig was no prophet - he did not see the self-destructive role Mussolini would play in the Second World War or his many flaws clearly. Nevertheless, he gives us a portrait of the man as he presented himself to outsiders that gives valuable insight to the tenor of the times.