China has achieved remarkable improvements in the health status of its large population. The progress was characterized by sustained economic growth, focus on social development, investments in health systems and expanded health intervention coverage. In parallel, the wealth of data on population health became available through the digitalization of China's entire scientific research output. This book presents studies that documented and explored the unique health transition in a Chinese population that reduced the burden of infectious diseases, extended life expectancy, brought non-communicable diseases into focus and provided evidence to assist health policies. The last section of the book documents China's extending of its expertise beyond national borders and supporting international efforts to improve global health by assisting much poorer countries.