My interest in this book was piqued when I saw a review if it somewhere, accompanied by a picture of Peggy Guggenheim reposing in the sun on the roof of the palazzo. I was not to be disappointed. What an incredible story! Three remarkable women inhabited and redecorated this unfinished building, started in 1750 by the prominent Venier family of Venice who subsequently ran out of money and had to abandon it. For a time, it simply fell into decay; only one storey had been completed and it was seen simply as an eyesore. However, when Luisa Casati saw it, she had to have it.
Casati was a wealthy Italian from Milan, who had married Camillo, Marchese Casati Stampa di Soncino, in 1910. According to Mackrell, she started life as an extremely introverted child with a strong social phobia, which she managed to overcome and ended up holding legendary soirées attended by a Who’s Who of the world of arts and letters. Casati was, actually, one of the twentieth century’s earliest celebrities. She dressed in the high fashion of designers Fortuny and Poiret and had her portrait painted, often, by prominent artists, including Augustus John. She hosted Diaghilev, Nijinsky and the Ballets Russes and was photographed by Man Ray. She loved to cultivate an eccentric persona, keeping a small menagerie which included a leashed cheetah and a snake, which she wore draped around her shoulders like a stole. Casati also maintained a long-term relationship with the Italian proto-fascist writer and war hero, Gabriele D’Annunzio.
Casati also lived for a time on the island of Capri, which was then (1919-20) the home of an assorted bunch of gay and lesbian artists and writers, including painter Romaine Brooks, who painted her portrait and had something of an affair with her. Compton Mackenzie wrote about her life there in his diaries.
Eventually, Casati’s extravagant lifestyle caught up with her and she had to flee to England to evade creditors. She lived quietly, in extremely reduced circumstances, her valuable possessions having been auctioned off to pay her debts. She died in 1957.
The palazzo’s next hostess was an equally colourful personality – though for my money, far less interesting. Doris, Lady Castlerosse, only married her husband Valentine, for his title; they divorced with no issue in 1938. She was the owner of the palazzo through the 1930s and she, too, redecorated it and held parties frequented by the notables of the day, who included society photographer Cecil Beaton and playwright Noel Coward. She also enjoyed an ongoing affair with Winston Churchill, who seemed to have remained a friend. However, Doris’s habit of sleeping with anyone she could find who would fund her extravagant lifestyle reduced one contemporary to describing her as “‘a common little demi-mondaine”; effectively, a high-class whore. She was given to coarse language and fighting with her husband in public; this sort of behaviour caused her to “outstay her welcome in Mayfair”. She moved to New York for two years, but, then in her forties, found it much more difficult to find and use wealthy men for her living expenses. Eventually, she was reduced to illegally selling off her diamonds to fund a return trip to England. Arriving there, she had to endure pointed comments about people who leave their country in times of war. Depressed and financially embarrassed, Doris took to drink. One night, probably accidentally, she also took too many sedatives and ended her life.
The palazzo’s final owner was Peggy Guggenheim, niece of Solomon R. Guggenheim, who would establish the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Her father, Benjamin Guggenheim, was lost at sea on the Titanic in 1912.
Peggy began to mix in avant-garde art circles and lived in Paris in the 1920s, meeting many of the luminaries of the day such as Jean Cocteau and the lesbian hostess Natalie Clifford Barney, at whose famous Paris salon mingled the most prominent representatives of the arts of those days. Peggy became close friends with Barney and her lover, Romaine Brooks and also befriended Djuna Barnes, whose novel Nightwood was written at Peggy’s rented house, Hayford Hall, in Devon. Despite knowing many gays and lesbians, it seems Peggy remained straight.
Peggy’s first art venture was a gallery she opened in London and called Guggenheim Jeune. In several exhibitions, this gallery featured the work of Jean Cocteau, Wassily Kandinsky, Yves Tanguy, Antoine Pevsner, Henry Moore, Henri Laurens, Alexander Calder, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Constantin Brâncuși, Jean Arp, Max Ernst, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and Kurt Schwitters. Marcel Duchamp also contributed invaluable help. However, when the gallery made a loss, she reluctantly closed it, planning to relocate to New York.
The outbreak of war changed her plans and she went to Paris, where she discovered that the art market was in free-fall, as fleeing collectors and artists were trying to sell off their works. Peggy bought everything she could, amassing the great collection that would find its way to Venice. Although she went to New York after the war and came to know the new modern American artists such as Jackson Pollock, she eventually relocated to the Palazzo Venier in 1949, establishing her collection there. This became the home of the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, maintained now as a museum.
All three of these women had healthy sexual appetites, with the possible exception of Luisa Casati, who managed to string D’Annunzio along by being tantalisingly evasive. D’Annunzio was a womaniser and there was always another mistress in the background, but Casati contributed mystique and intrigue; he nicknamed her “Kore”, one of the names of Persephone, the bride of Hades in Greek myth.
Castlerosse’s main asset was her physical beauty, evidenced in some photographs reproduced in this book. At first she had no trouble snaring wealthy men, but, as she aged, this asset lost its strength. She performed no acts of charity or benefit to society. The only reason to remember her seems to be that she was the great-aunt of contemporary model Cara Delevigne!
The winner – apart from the palazzo, which now has a distinguished identity – was Peggy Guggenheim. Her great legacy lives after her, a solid contribution to Venice and the art world.